Main Characteristics and Evaluation of Bedrock Reservoirs in the Eastern Segment of Altun Piedmont
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摘要: 为了解阿尔金山前带东段基岩储层主要特征，对储层进行评价.在野外露头踏勘、岩心观察描述、薄片鉴定及相关分析测试的基础上，结合普通测井资料、成像测井资料及孔渗密实验数据等进行分析.结果表明，阿尔金山前带东段基岩储层岩性主要是岩浆岩和变质岩，岩浆岩以花岗岩为主，变质岩以片麻岩为主.储集空间类型主要包括未完全充填裂缝、溶蚀孔洞和基质微孔3类.基岩储层孔隙度介于0.004%~9.760%，平均孔隙度在1.663%~3.844%；渗透率介于最大值0.002~33.239mD，平均渗透率在0.020~3.836 mD，片麻岩类物性整体好于花岗岩类，孔隙度和渗透率之间没有明显的相关性.基岩储层主控因素包括岩性及矿物组合、古地貌、先存断裂及破碎带、后期岩浆侵入及热液作用4个方面.结合基岩储层的物性特征及形成的主控因素，建立了多因素控制的基岩储层评价标准，将储层分为好、中等、较差、差4类.评价结果表明，研究区多以Ⅱ类储层为主，主要见于花岗片麻岩，其次是花岗岩、黑云母斜长片麻岩等.东坪鼻隆、牛中-牛北斜坡可见Ⅰ类储层；尖北斜坡、牛东鼻隆、冷北斜坡多为Ⅱ类储层.Abstract: Based on the field outcrop survey,core observation,section identification,scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence method,combined with conventional logging,image logging,pore infiltration test data,etc.,main characteristics and evaluation of bedrock reservoirs in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont were studied. The results show that the lithology of the bedrock reservoirs in the eastern segment of Altun Piedmont mainly includes magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks. The magmatic rocks are mainly granite,and the metamorphic rocks are mainly gneiss and schist. The types of reservoir space mainly include incompletely filled fractures,dissolved pores and matrix micropores. The maximum porosity of bedrock reservoir is 9.76%,the minimum is 0.004%,and the average is 1.663%~3.844%. The maximum permeability of bedrock reservoir is 33.239 mD,the minimum is 0.002 mD,and the average permeability is 0.020~3.836 mD. There is no obvious correlation between porosity and permeability. The main controlling factors of bedrock reservoirs include lithology and mineral combination,paleogeomorphology,pre-existing faults and fracture zones,late magmatic intrusion and hydrothermal action. Combined with the physical properties and the main controlling factors of the bedrock reservoir,the evaluation criteria of bedrock reservoir controlled by many factors are put forward. The reservoir is divided into four categories:good,average,fair,and poor. The results of evaluation show that the study area is mainly composed of type Ⅱ reservoirs,mainly found in granitic gneiss,followed by granite,plagioclase gneiss,feldspar hornblende schist,etc. The Dongping nasal and Niuzhong-Niubei slopes are mostly type Ⅰ reservoirs,the Jianbei slope,Niudong nasal and Lengbei slope are mostly type Ⅱ reservoirs.
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图 1 阿尔金山前带东段构造纲要图(据付锁堂, 2015, 有修改)
Fig. 1. Tectonic outline of eastern segment of Altun Piedmont
图 2 阿尔金山前带东段现今基岩岩性分布图
Fig. 2. The current distribution diagram of the bedrock lithology in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedment
图 3 阿尔金山前带东段基岩裂缝发育特征
a.东坪306井, 1 916.46 m, 花岗岩, 高角度斜交缝(70°)和近水平缝, 宽约0.2 cm, 延伸较好；网状缝发育较少；b.东坪306井, 1 907.20 m, 花岗岩, 沿构造缝发生风化淋滤形成的高角度淋滤缝, 宽约0.5 cm；c.东坪306井, 1 908.85 m, (-)2.5×10, 花岗岩, 裂缝和微裂缝发育, 宽0.05~0.10 mm, 未被充填；d.东坪306井, 1 908.85 m, (+)2.5×10, 花岗岩, 裂缝和微裂缝发育, 宽0.05~0.10 mm, 未被充填；e.东坪103井, 3 231.10 m, 片麻岩, 发育高角度构造缝, 宽约1 cm, 沿裂缝发生风化淋滤；f.东坪103井, 3 244.07 m, 片麻岩, 发育高角度裂缝及网状缝, 宽度介于0.05~0.50 cm；g.坪1-2-3, 3 411.33 m, (-)2.5×10, 花岗片麻岩, 发育两组近于正交的解理缝, 宽0.2~0.4 mm, 微裂缝发育；h.坪1-2-3, 3 411.33 m, (+)2.5×10, 花岗片麻岩, 发育两组近于正交的解理缝, 宽0.2~0.4 mm, 微裂缝发育
Fig. 3. Characteristics of bedrock fractures in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmenta
图 4 东坪3井区东坪306井基岩段成像测井特征
Fig. 4. FMI imaging logging features from well DP306 in Dongping 3Block
图 5 东坪1井区东坪103井基岩段成像测井特征
Fig. 5. FMI imaging logging features from well DP103 in Dongping 1 Block
图 6 阿尔金山前带东段基岩溶蚀孔洞发育特征
a.东坪H301井, 花岗岩, 1 880.5 m, 沿裂缝发生轻微的溶蚀作用, 溶蚀孔洞发育规模较小；b.东坪H301井, 花岗岩, 1 878.7 m, 暗色矿物发生轻微溶解, 形成规模较小的溶蚀孔洞；c.东坪H301井, 1 880.8 m, (-)2.5×10, 花岗岩, 裂缝较平直, 沿裂缝溶蚀程度较弱, 溶蚀孔洞规模较小；d.东坪H301井, 1 880.8 m, (+)2.5×10, 花岗岩, 裂缝较平直, 沿裂缝溶蚀程度较弱, 溶蚀孔洞规模较小；e.东坪105井, 3 476.6 m, 黑云母斜长片麻岩, 沿早期张开缝两侧发生溶蚀形成溶蚀孔洞；f.东坪105井, 3 467.28 m, 黑云母斜长片麻岩, 暗色矿物发生溶解形成溶蚀孔洞；g.东坪105井, 3 476.6 m, (-)2.5×10, 黑云母斜长片麻岩沿裂缝发生溶蚀形成成串珠状溶蚀孔洞；h.东坪105井, 3 476.6 m, (-)2.5×10, 黑云母斜长片麻岩, 沿裂缝发生溶蚀形成串珠状溶蚀孔洞
Fig. 6. Characteristics of bedrock dissolution pores in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedment
图 7 阿尔金山前带东段基岩基质微孔发育特征
a.尖探1井, 4 645.9 m, 花岗闪长岩能谱图, 显示矿物为铁镁质；b.尖探1井, 4 645.9 m, 花岗闪长岩, SEM, 铁镁质矿物中的基质微孔, 宽度200~300 nm；c.东坪7井, 2 170.6 m, 云母石英片岩能谱图, Si、AI、Mg、Fe元素含量高, 该颗粒为云母；d.东坪7井, 2 170.6 m, 云母石英片岩, SEM, 可见云母片晶间孔, 宽多在2 ~5 μm之间；e.东坪105井, 3 454.3 m, 黑云母斜长片麻岩能谱图, 显示矿物为方解石；f.东坪105井, 3 454.3 m, 黑云母斜长片麻岩, SEM, 充填裂缝的方解石自身溶蚀产生宽度在2~3 μm的基质微孔
Fig. 7. Characteristics of bedrock matrix pores in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedment
图 8 阿尔金山前带东段主要岩性孔渗分布直方图
a.阿尔金山前带东段花岗岩孔隙度分布直方图；b.阿尔金山前带花岗岩渗透率分布直方图；c.阿尔金山前东段黑云母斜长片麻岩孔隙度分布直方图；d.阿尔金山前东段黑云母斜长片麻岩渗透率分布直方图；e.阿尔金山前带东段花岗片麻岩孔隙度分布直方图；f.阿尔金山前带东段花岗片麻岩渗透率分布直方图
Fig. 8. Histogram of main bedrock pore and permeability distribution in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont
图 9 阿尔金山前带东段基岩储层碎裂岩发育特征
a.牛4井, 975.8~978.7 m, (-)2.5×10, 花岗片麻岩, 岩石破碎, 裂缝发育；b.牛4井, 975.8~978.7 m, (+)2.5×10, 花岗片麻岩, 岩石破碎, 裂缝发育；c.坪1-2-3 3 426.44 m, (-)2.5×10, 花岗片麻岩, 岩石破碎, 裂缝发育；d.坪1-2-3, 3 426.44 m, (-)2.5×10, 花岗片麻岩, 岩石破碎, 裂缝发育, 未被充填
Fig. 9. Characteristics of bedrock cataclastic rock in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedment
图 10 东坪306井岩浆侵入及热液作用导致花岗岩的破碎现象(据中国石油青海油田公司)
Fig. 10. Phenomenon of fragmentation of the granite rock caused by magma and hydrothermal intrusion in the well DP306
图 11 阿尔金山前带东段储层评价综合图
a.阿尔金山前带东段不同岩性孔隙度渗透率分布；b.阿尔金山前带东段不同区域孔隙度渗透率分布；c.阿尔金山前东段风化层孔隙度渗透率
Fig. 11. Comprehensive map for reservoir evaluation of the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont
图 12 阿尔金山前带东段基岩储层评价图
Fig. 12. Comprehensive evaluation for bedrock reservoir of the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont
表 1 阿尔金山前带东段裂缝成因分类表
Table 1. Classification of fracture of the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont on Genesis
裂缝类型 成因 特征 构造缝 受应力作用形成的剪切和拉张缝 组系分明、缝壁平直、切割力较强、延伸较远 解理缝 由于长石类晶体的解理发育, 基岩表面经受构造应力或风化时沿解理面形成裂缝 呈现沿一定方向平行排列的细缝 溶蚀缝 构造缝和解理缝形成后暴露于地表遭受淡水淋滤, 基岩中相对不稳定的矿物成分晶体结构发生改变, 形成溶蚀缝 呈串珠状、蛇曲状, 缝壁凹凸不平；构造溶蚀缝延伸方向一致, 延伸较远；解理溶蚀缝无方向性, 延伸较短 
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表 2 阿尔金山前带东段裂缝物性统计表(据李建明, 2011)
Table 2. Statistics of fracture physical properties of the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont on Genesis
井名 裂缝密度(1/m) 裂缝长度(1/m) 裂缝宽度(μm) 裂缝孔隙度(%) 东坪3井区 东坪3井 17.80 18.90 16.8 0.078 东坪6井 15.60 18.20 26.5 0.139 东坪9井 6.78 8.15 49.5 0.198 东坪11井 5.46 3.85 47.5 0.223 东坪306井 18.20 14.85 18.7 0.312 东坪H301井 16.56 18.40 14.4 0.603 东坪1井区 东坪4井 19.70 14.10 20.7 0.138 东坪103井 9.14 7.10 45.6 0.412 坪1-2-3 6.54 5.83 41.7 0.140
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表 3 双侧向电阻率参数识别阿尔金山前带东段基岩储层裂缝发育概率统计表
Table 3. Identification of fracture development probability of bedrock reservoir of the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont by bilateral resistivity Parameters
井号 井段(m) |Rs/Rd-1| max ave min 东坪1井 3 100~3 230 0.319 0.086 2 0.000 024 东坪2井 3 750~3 880 0.607 0.082 7 0.000 580 东坪4井 3 530~3 630 0.376 0.232 0 0.084 100 东坪103井 3 230~3 350 0.570 0.318 0 0.020 000 东坪106井 3 240~3 550 0.677 0.205 7 0.000 055 坪1-2-3井 3 240~3 430 0.620 0.291 0 0.014 700 坪1H-2-3井 3 080~3 580 0.489 0.205 0 0.001 010 东坪3井 1 842~1 962 0.515 0.131 0 0.000 090 东坪5井 2 652~2 855 0.806 0.139 0 0.000 230 东坪6井 2 176~2 350 0.250 0.089 3 0.000 060 东坪9井 2 208~2 356 0.339 0.113 0 0.000 140 东坪11井 2 115~2 320 0.720 0.120 0 0.000 120 东坪12井 1 992~2 086 0.744 0.194 0 0.000 290 东坪306井 1 905~2 098 0.573 0.070 0 0.000 190 东坪307井 1 970~1 995 0.589 0.142 0 0.001 400 牛5井 2 400~2 713 0.452 0.124 0 0 牛4井 980~1 195 0.847 0.117 0 0.000 030 牛北1井 3 700~3 848 0.378 0.100 0 0.000 120 牛北2井 670~870 0.275 0.096 0 0.081 000 牛北3井 1 876~2 013 0.293 0.099 7 0.000 290 冷北1井 1 942~2 327 0.393 0.111 0 0.000 100 冷北2井 3 620~3 800 0.851 0.274 0 0.000 032 尖3井 4 653~5 042 0.887 0.337 0 0.000 130 尖探1井 4 720~4 970 0.946 0.517 0 0.002 500
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表 4 阿尔金山前带东段基岩储集物性统计表
Table 4. Statistics of bedrock reservoir property in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont
灰岩 花岗岩 长石角闪石片岩 闪长岩类 片麻岩类 花岗闪长岩 闪长岩 钙质片麻岩 花岗片麻岩 黑云母斜长片麻岩 孔隙度(%) 最大 2.109 7.150 4.712 5.281 7.23 5.367 9.763 8.417 最小 1.183 0.498 1.192 1.562 0.81 1.795 0.825 0.004 平均值 1.663 3.316 2.680 3.191 5.29 3.314 3.844 2.510 渗透率(%) 最大 0.110 13.966 3.206 0.092 3.81 0.304 33.239 17.476 最小 0.020 0.050 0.050 0.013 0.05 0.050 0.020 0.020 平均值 0.065 1.206 2.052 0.035 2.23 0.171 3.836 1.392
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表 5 阿尔金山前带东段东坪1井区片麻岩和东坪3井区花岗岩风化壳各结构层厚度统计表
Table 5. Statistics of thicknesses of structural layers of Weathering Crust of gneiss in Dongping 1 Block andgranite in Dongping 3 in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont
岩性 完全风化层(m) 半风化层溶蚀带 半风化层崩解带(未钻穿) max min ave max min ave max min ave 花岗岩类 9.8 2.3 6.2 122.5 57 98.5 135.0 42.5 84.1 片麻岩类 15.0 3.5 7.2 189.5 41 109.5 193.2 29.5 134.7
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表 6 不同构造带典型井风化壳各结构层厚度统计表
Table 6. Statistics of thickness of different zones in weathering crust of typical well
井号 构造位置 完全风化层厚度(m) 半风化层溶蚀带厚度(m) 半风化层崩解带厚度(m)(未钻穿) 尖探1井 尖北斜坡 7.00 117.5 138.0 尖北101井 6.00 146.5 126.5 尖探3井 6.00 189.5 132.5 厚度均值 6.30 151.2 132.3 东坪11井 东坪鼻隆 4.00 122.5 83.5 东坪6井 8.60 91.9 78.0 东坪9井 3.50 92.5 77.5 东坪306 9.80 119.5 88.0 东坪12井 3.50 57.0 42.5 东坪5井 2.30 107.5 135.0 厚度均值 5.30 98.5 84.1 牛北1井 牛北斜坡 4.00 84.0 81.0 牛北2井 2.00 115.0 85.0 牛4井 3.00 165.8 82.2 牛5井 2.00 156.0 117.0 厚度均值 2.75 130.2 91.3
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表 7 阿尔金山前带东段基岩储层评价一览表
Table 7. The list of bedrock reservoir evaluation in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedment
储层分类 Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类 储集空间类型 裂缝-孔洞型 孔洞-裂缝型 裂缝型 孔洞类 储层主要岩类 片麻岩、花岗岩片麻岩、黑云母斜长片麻岩、变质花岗岩 花岗闪长岩、角闪斜长片麻岩、花岗岩、闪长岩 钙质片麻岩、云母石英片岩 致密花岗岩、致密片麻岩、板岩 构造位置 东坪鼻隆 东坪鼻隆、尖北斜坡、牛中斜坡 东坪鼻隆、冷北斜坡 原岩带、完全风化层半风化层崩解带 半风化层溶蚀带 半风化层溶蚀带、半风化层崩解带 半风化层崩解带 有效孔隙度(%) > 5 > 5 5~2 5~2 > 2 2~1 2~1 < 1.00 有效渗透率(mD) > 5 5.00~0.05 > 5 5~0.05 0.05~0.01 > 0.05 0.05~0.01 < 0.01 基质孔隙度(%) > 4 4~1 1.0~0.1 < 0.10 基质渗透率(mD) > 1 1.0~0.1 0.10~0.02 < 0.02 裂缝孔隙度(%) > 1 1.0~0.5 0.5~0.1 < 0.10 裂缝密度(%) > 15 15~10 10~5 < 5.00 裂缝长度(m) > 15 15~5 5.0~0.5 < 0.50 裂缝开度(um) > 20 10~20 5~10 < 5.00 储层类型 好 中等 较差 差
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