Geological Environment Safety Evaluation
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摘要: 地质环境安全评价是国土空间规划的基础性工作.其目的是对人类生命财产、城镇和工程建设构成威胁的地质环境问题进行评价.基于人类生命安全至上和灾害链综合风险的原则，选取区域地壳稳定性、突发地质灾害易发程度和地面沉降易发程度等制约国土空间规划的“短板”要素，以全国为例，采用基于灾害链综合评价的图形叠置法开展地质环境安全综合评价，将地质环境安全程度分为5个等级.地质环境安全程度由高到低所占面积分别为28.34%、29.36%、21.00%、4.51%和4.24%.评价结果宏观反映了地质环境条件和安全程度，揭示了区域分异特征，能够从地质环境安全角度为国土空间规划，特别是城镇和工程建设选址综合安全评价和用途管制等工作提供科学参考依据.
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关键词:
- 地质环境安全 /
- 国土空间规划 /
- 区域地壳稳定性 /
- 地质灾害易发程度评价 /
- 环境地质学
Abstract: The geological environment safety evaluation is becoming increasingly more important in land planning since the geological environment is getting more complicated in recent years. Based on summarizing the previous comprehensive evaluation of geological environment, a comprehensive evaluation index system of geological environment safety is established and a comprehensive evaluation method thereof is developed to provide scientific basis and technical support for land planning and evaluation of resources and environment carrying capacity. The connotation of geological environment safety is put forward, and three key factors for geological environmental safety evaluation are determined as regional crust stability, susceptibility of geologic hazards, and susceptibility of chronic geologic hazards, which are evaluated respectively. Five grades and twelve classes are divided through comprehensive evaluation of geological environment safety by using a comprehensive way to evaluate the dominant factors. The evaluation results not only reflect the degree of geological environment safety, but also explain the key factors affecting the geological environment safety. The area of overlapping regions, where the regional structure is extremely unstable and unexpected geological hazards are especially easy to occur, accounts for about 4.24%, mainly distributed in the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, mainly involving Gansu Baiyin-Tianshui, Sichuan Deyang-Kangding-Xichang, Yunnan Dongchuan-Gejiu, southern Tibet and western Yunnan areas. The results of geological environment safety evaluation enhance the understanding on geological environment, and the degree of geological environment safety, as one of the indicators of land planning, provides technical support and scientific basis for land planning. -
图 1 区域地壳稳定性评价图
该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS（2016）1570号的标准地图制作，底图无修改
Fig. 1. China regional crustal stability evaluation
图 2 突发性地质灾害易发程度评价分区图
该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS（2016）1570号的标准地图制作，底图无修改
Fig. 2. Zoning map of geological disaster proneness assessment of China
图 3 地面沉降高易发区图
据上海市地质调查研究院编制《中国地面沉降和地裂缝地质灾害图》改编.该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS（2016）1570号的标准地图制作，底图无修改
Fig. 3. National land subsidence high-prone area map
图 4 地质环境安全程度图
该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS（2016）1570号的标准地图制作，底图无修改
Fig. 4. Geological environment security degree partition characteristics
表 1 全国地质环境安全评价指标
Table 1. National geological environment safety evaluation index
评价体系 评价要素 评价内容 地质环境安全评价 区域地壳稳定性 地震活动性 最大历史地震震级、地震动峰值加速度 断裂活动性 断裂切割深度、活动时代和活动速率 地块特征 地块完整性及活动性 构造应力特征 构造应力场、地表变形速率 地球物理特征 重力异常、航磁异常 突发地质灾害易发程度 崩塌滑坡泥石流易发程度 地形起伏度、工程地质岩组、活动断裂影响距离、年平均暴雨日数、年平均降雨量、土壤侵蚀强度和土地利用程度 地面塌陷易发程度 碳酸盐岩类型、第四纪岩性、地下水类型、矿山分布密度和规模、土地利用程度 缓变地质灾害易发程度 地面沉降易发程度 地貌和第四纪地质、地下水及含水层特征、地下水开采状况和地面沉降分布现状 
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表 2 地质环境安全综合评价分级标准
Table 2. Geological environment safety comprehensive evaluation grading standard
表 3 地质环境安全程度综合评价分类
Table 3. Geological environment safety degree comprehensive evaluation classification
等级 分类 要素特征 区域地壳稳定性 地质灾害易发程度 安全程度Ⅴ级 区域构造极不（不）稳定和地质灾害极高（高）易发重叠 极不稳定或不稳定 极高易发或高易发 安全程度Ⅳ级 区域构造极不稳定 极不稳定 中易发或低易发 地质灾害极高易发 次不稳定或次稳定 极高易发 安全程度Ⅲ级 区域构造不稳定 不稳定 中易发、低易发或不易发 地质灾害高易发 次不稳定、次稳定或稳定 高易发 区域构造次不稳定和地质灾害中易发重叠 次不稳定 中易发 安全程度Ⅱ级 区域构造次不稳定 次不稳定 低易发或不易发 地质灾害中易发 次稳定或稳定 中易发 安全程度Ⅰ级 区域构造次稳定（稳定）、突发性地质灾害低易发（不易发）、地面沉降高易发 次稳定（稳定） 突发性地质灾害低易发（不易发）、地面沉降高易发
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表 4 地质环境安全程度分区特征
Table 4. Geological environment security degree partition characteristics
等级 地质环境特征 影响因素 分布地区 面积（104 km2） 比例(%) 国土空间规划建议 安全程度Ⅴ级 地貌形态多为中高山，地势十分陡峭，地形起伏度大于2 500 m.有极强活动断裂分布、地震动峰值加速度a≥0.30 g.历史上发生过8.0级以上地震及次生地质灾害，岩土体以变质岩、碎屑岩为主，岩体破碎严重，且强暴雨多发，地质灾害以大型、特大型为主 区域构造极不（不）稳定和地质灾害极高（高）易发重叠 主要分布在青藏高原东南缘的陇南中山山地、藏东南、川滇和横断山高山峡谷高易发区，涉及地区主要有甘肃南部天水和陇南地区，四川中西部和云南中西部地区，西藏南部部分地区 40.81 4.24 具有区域地壳稳定性极差和地质灾害严重的综合风险，国土空间规划时应强化工程建设选址综合安全评价和用途管制 安全程度Ⅳ级 地貌形态多为中高山，地势十分陡峭，地形起伏度大于2 500 m.有极强或强活动断裂分布、历史上发生过7.0~8.0级地震，地震动峰值加速度a=0.20 g或a≥0.30 g.岩土体以变质岩、碎屑岩为主，岩体破碎严重，暴雨多发，岩溶发育程度较高，地质灾害以中型-大型为主 区域构造极不稳定 主要分布在我国西部的天山、阿尔泰山、阿尔金山、祁连山、昆仑山、喜马拉雅山，南北地震带的甘肃天水、西海固地区，华北地区的鄂尔多斯周缘、汾渭地堑、阴山-燕山-渤海带、郯庐断裂带部分地区 19.82 2.06 需严格抗震安全设防和自然生态环境的综合治理，在城镇建设和工程建设时，应强化工程地质条件的勘查和综合评价 地质灾害极高易发 主要分布在第2级地势阶梯的川滇山地、云贵高原、秦巴山地、陇西黄土高原、太行山中山山地、黔北湘西中低山等地区，以及第1级地势阶梯的青藏高原东南部.涉及的省份主要为云南、贵州、四川、西藏、陕西、重庆、甘肃 23.67 2.46 需严格抗震安全设防和自然生态环境的综合治理，在城镇建设和工程建设时，应强化工程地质条件的勘查和综合评价 安全程度Ⅲ级 地貌形态多为中高山，地势陡峭，地形起伏度500~2 500 m.断裂带发育，有强活动断裂分布，历史上发生过7.0~7.9级地震，地震动峰值加速度a=0.20 g.岩土体以变质岩、碎屑岩和黄土为主，岩体破碎，暴雨多发，岩溶发育，地质灾害以中型-小型为主 区域构造不稳定 主要分布在青藏高原及周缘地区、新疆构造区的南北天山、华北地区不稳定区及其周边地区和秦岭大别山等地区 108.55 11.27 经抗震安全设防，基本适宜人类生存和发展 地质灾害高易发 主要分布在青海东部、西藏南部、陕西南部、重庆、贵州、云南、山西西部等地区 55.57 5.77 经地质灾害治理，基本适宜人类生存和发展 区域构造次不稳定和地质灾害中易发重叠 主要分布在青藏高原主要活动地块边界带、南北地震带、华北地区等不稳定区外缘地区 38.18 3.96 具有区域构造次不稳定和地质灾害中易发综合风险，应加强抗震安全设防和地质灾害治理 安全程度Ⅱ级 地貌形态多为中低山和丘陵区，地形起伏度小于250 m，断裂带较发育，有中等活动断裂分布，历史上发生过6.0~6.9级地震，地震动峰值加速度a=0.15 g.岩土体以变质岩、碎屑岩、火山岩和黄土为主，岩体较破碎.岩溶发育程度微弱-中等，地质灾害以小型为主 区域构造次不稳定 主要分布在我国西部大部分地区、华北平原西北部、辽宁大连和山东临沂一线、福建泉州和广东汕头沿海等地区 170.50 17.70 基本适宜人类生存和发展.部分地区需防治地面沉降 地质灾害中易发 主要分布在我国中东部低山和丘陵地区，主要涉及湖南、江西、福建、广西大部分地区，广东北部、浙江中南部、陕西中北部、山西东部和西部、河南西部、辽宁北部、吉林南部等地区 112.35 11.66 安全程度Ⅰ级 地貌形态主要为平原、盆地、丘陵、台地、河谷，基本没有晚更新世活动断裂分布，局部有弱活动断裂分布、历史上无大于5.0级地震记录，或局部发生过5.0~5.9级地震，受相邻地区地震影响，地震动峰值加速度a为0.05~ 0.10 g.岩土体类型以第四纪松散堆积物和坚硬岩为主.部分地区岩溶发育微弱.总体上看地质环境条件比较好 区域构造次稳定（稳定）突发性地质灾害低易发（不易发）、地面沉降高易发 主要发布在我国中东部地区，东北地区、东部平原及三角洲、海南岛、四川盆地、西北平原盆地等地区 273.02 28.34 适宜人类生存和发展.部分地区需防治地面沉降 注：本次评价范围不包括中国台湾、南海诸岛等地区.因为沙漠地区没有人类活动，故综合评价未包括沙漠地区.
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