西藏斯弄多地区岩帽地质地球化学特征：林子宗群火山岩中成矿的指示

杨宗耀; 唐菊兴; 张乐骏; 赵晓彦; 郎兴海; 张崇海

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2019.044

西藏斯弄多地区岩帽地质地球化学特征：林子宗群火山岩中成矿的指示

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.044

杨宗耀^1, ,,
唐菊兴^2, , ,,
张乐骏³,
赵晓彦¹,
郎兴海⁴,
张崇海⁴

1.
西南交通大学地球科学与环境工程学院, 四川成都 611756
2.
中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所自然资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室, 北京 100037
3.
Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
4.
成都理工大学地球科学学院, 四川成都 610059

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41772075

国家重点研发计划项目 2018YFC0604105

详细信息

作者简介:
杨宗耀(1991-), 男, 博士研究生, 从事固体矿产勘查与评价

通讯作者:
唐菊兴

中图分类号: P595;P632
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-03-02
- 刊出日期: 2020-03-15

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of Lithocaps in Sinongduo Area, Tibet: Implications for the Mineralization in Linzizong Group Volcanic Rocks

1.
Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
2.
MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
3.
Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
4.
College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

摘要

摘要: 岩帽作为重要的找矿标志，长期以来却没有引起广泛关注，阻碍了勘查工作.在斯弄多地区对与不同矿化类型相关的岩帽进行岩石学、岩相学和全岩地球化学分析，其中斯弄多红色岩帽与铅锌成矿作用相关，窝弱黑色岩帽与金银成矿作用相关，而马尔地村白色岩帽目前未见明显相关矿化.镜下特征和岩石学特征表明斯弄多地区3种类型岩帽具大量石英晶屑，多呈致密块状，其次为多孔状石英.全岩地球化学显示，斯弄多红色岩帽SiO₂含量>90%，主要由石英组成，Pb含量为288.75×10^-6~4 769.16×10^-6，Zn含量为34.34×10^-6~332.70×10^-6；马尔地村白色岩帽则含更多的铝硅酸盐矿物，不具成矿元素异常；窝弱黑色岩帽含富钾类蚀变矿物，K₂O含量为0.26%~2.58%，Au含量为80.21×10^-9~360.74×10^-9.斯弄多地区岩帽均由硅质酸性流体交代晶屑凝灰岩形成，铅锌成矿作用使岩帽Be元素富集，具Ce负异常；窝弱金银成矿作用使岩帽V、Rb、Mo和Cs富集，具Yb正异常；马尔地村岩帽面积大，粘土蚀变矿物发育，其深部可能存在斑岩型矿体.
- 岩帽 /
- 林子宗群火山岩 /
- 地球化学 /
- 金矿 /
- 铅锌矿
Abstract: Lithocap, as an important indicator for exploration, has not attracted widespread attention for a long time, hindering the exploration work.Three types of lithocaps related to different mineralization styles in Sinongduo area are sampled for petrology, microphysiography and whole rock geochemistry analysis in which Sinongduo red lithocaps correspond to Pb-Zn mineralization, while Woruo black lithocaps are of Au-Ag mineralization, and Maerdi white lithocaps display no obvious mineralization. Microscopic and petrological characteristics show that three types of lithocaps in the Sinongduo area have many quartz fragments which are composed of massive quartz and vuggy quartz. The whole rock geochemistry data show that Sinongduo red lithocaps contain over 90% of SiO₂, and are mostly composed of quartz. The Pb contents are 288.75×10^-6-4 769.16×10^-6, and the Zn is 34.34×10^-6-332.70×10^-6. The Maerdi white lithocaps are rich in aluminosilicate minerals and show none metallogenic elements anomaly. The contents of K₂O (0.26%-2.58%) in Woruo black lithocaps indicate that there are many potassium-rich altered minerals, and the contents of Au are 80.21×10^-9-360.74×10^-9. In conclusion, the forming processes of lithocaps can be explained as the ascending siliceous acid fluid reacting with the crystal tuff. Pb-Zn mineralization tends to result in enrichment of Be and a negative anomaly of Ce in chondrite normalized REE patterns. In contrast, Au-Ag mineralization benefits V, Rb, Mo and Cs and Ce, and there is a positive anomaly of Yb. In addition, the large amount of clay minerals in the biggest Maerdi white lithocap could be an implication for porphyry at depth.
- lithocap /
- Linzizong Group volcanic rock /
- geochemistry /
- gold deposit /
- Pb-Zn deposit

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图 1 冈底斯大地构造背景图及林子宗群火山岩分布

LMF.洛巴堆-米拉山断裂; IYZSZ.印度河-雅鲁藏布江缝合带; SNMZ.狮泉河-纳木错蛇绿混杂岩带; BNSZ.班公湖-怒江缝合带

Fig. 1. Tectonic framework of Gangdese showing Linzizong Group volcanic rocks

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图 2 斯弄多地区地质图

据《西藏自治区谢通门县斯弄多矿区铅锌矿补充详查报告》，2014，西藏中瑞矿业发展有限责任公司

Fig. 2. Geological map of the Sinongduo area

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图 3 斯弄多南矿区5号勘探线剖面图

据《西藏自治区谢通门县斯弄多矿区铅锌矿补充详查报告》，2014，西藏中瑞矿业发展有限责任公司

Fig. 3. Cross section of No. 5 exploration line in the southern Sinongduo deposit

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图 4 斯弄多地区不同岩帽的野外特征照片

a.马尔地村白色岩帽露头；b.斯弄多红色块状岩帽；c.窝弱矿区黑色块状岩帽；d、g.窝弱黑色岩帽中的多孔状石英岩；e.含铁红色碧玉；f.钻孔中的红色石英岩（钻孔BZK3001）；h、i.黑色胶结物隐爆角砾岩

Fig. 4. Field photos of different lithocaps in the Sinongduo area

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图 5 斯弄多地区不同岩帽的微观照片

a、b、c分别为马尔地村白色岩帽、斯弄多红色岩帽和窝弱黑色岩帽的显微组成；d.斯弄多红色碧玉中含大量红色赤铁矿；e、f.单偏光和正交偏光下含赤铁矿的隐爆角砾岩；g.斯弄多红色岩帽中的方铅矿和黄铁矿；h.赤铁矿沿隐爆角砾岩裂隙充填；i.窝弱黑色岩帽中大量散粒状、团斑状黄铁矿；j.窝弱黑色岩帽中部分黄铁矿可见银白色矿物交代边；k.形成于黄铁矿边缘的毒砂；l.窝弱岩帽中黄铁矿交代菱形自形矿物形成的交代假象结构. quartz.石英；hematite.赤铁矿；galena.方铅矿；pyrite.黄铁矿；arsenopyrite.毒砂

Fig. 5. Microscopic photos of different lithocaps in the Sinongduo area

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图 6 斯弄多地区岩帽SiO₂-Al₂O₃图解

Fig. 6. SiO₂-Al₂O₃ diagram of lithocaps from Sinongduo area

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图 7 斯弄多地区岩帽稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线（a）和微量元素球粒陨石标准化蛛网图（b）

据Sun and McDonough（1989）

Fig. 7. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern(a) and chondrite-normalized trace element spidergram of lithocaps from the Sinongduo deposit (b)

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图 8 岩帽中微量元素与矿化关系

Fig. 8. Relationship between trace elements and mineralization

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图 9 岩帽在斑岩成矿系统中的位置

据Cooke et al. (2017). ab.钠长石; act.阳起石; anh.硬石膏; Au.金; bi.黑云母; bn.斑铜矿; cb.碳酸盐; chl.绿泥石; cp.黄铜矿; epi.绿帘石; gt.石榴石; Kf.钾长石; mt.磁铁矿; py.黄铁矿; qz.石英

Fig. 9. Schematic illustration of lithocap's location in a porphyry system

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表 1 斯弄多矿区岩帽主量元素分析结果（%）

Table 1. Major element (%) analysis results for the lithocaps from the Sinongduo deposit

编号	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	Fe₂O₃^T	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	P₂O₅	总量
BS01	95.96	0.02	0.91	1.47	1.70	0.04	0.18	0.22	0.09	0.29	0.02	99.39
BS02	96.95	0.02	0.75	0.79	1.11	0.03	0.15	0.12	0.04	0.19	0.02	99.35
BS03	95.68	0.02	1.11	0.98	1.27	0.02	0.16	0.13	0.03	0.34	0.02	98.76
BS04	95.92	0.02	1.02	1.15	1.38	0.02	0.17	0.10	0.03	0.30	0.03	98.97
BS05	96.58	0.02	0.92	1.10	1.33	0.02	0.16	0.08	0.03	0.26	0.01	99.40
BS06	90.89	0.04	0.83	4.34	4.60	0.07	0.15	0.10	0.05	0.30	0.02	97.04
BS07	96.89	0.01	0.53	1.24	1.48	0.02	0.14	0.09	0.02	0.12	0.02	99.30
BS08	93.99	0.03	1.75	1.46	1.69	0.05	0.14	0.09	0.04	0.30	0.02	98.08
BX01	57.74	0.40	30.58	0.20	0.31	0.01	0.09	0.15	0.05	0.11	0.10	89.52
BX02	73.86	0.25	17.69	0.04	0.33	0.01	0.13	0.16	0.06	0.18	0.09	92.72
BX03	96.56	0.22	1.35	0.03	0.26	0.02	0.15	0.13	0.03	0.18	0.09	98.95
BX04	82.63	0.35	11.82	0.05	0.11	0.01	0.10	0.08	0.02	0.11	0.05	95.26
BX05	73.85	0.43	18.30	0.05	0.11	0.00	0.08	0.10	0.01	0.15	0.10	93.12
BX06	67.65	0.31	22.93	0.09	0.15	0.01	0.07	0.12	0.02	0.11	0.08	91.43
BX07	91.69	0.23	5.49	0.02	0.11	0.01	0.12	0.09	0.02	0.10	0.02	97.87
BX08	60.44	0.33	28.24	0.11	0.17	0.00	0.04	0.11	0.02	0.10	0.09	89.52
BX09	71.13	0.38	20.70	0.02	0.10	0.00	0.07	0.10	0.02	0.10	0.10	92.69
BX10	66.21	0.37	24.46	0.06	0.12	0.00	0.05	0.08	0.01	0.08	0.08	91.45
BX11	97.88	0.20	0.67	0.06	0.12	0.01	0.13	0.08	0.02	0.11	0.01	99.22
BK01	96.17	0.01	1.19	0.44	0.82	0.02	0.16	0.11	0.02	0.29	0.02	98.79
BK02	83.51	0.07	6.50	2.84	3.63	0.02	0.26	0.11	0.07	1.58	0.06	95.74
BK03	83.85	0.06	6.96	2.10	2.57	0.02	0.25	0.10	0.06	2.58	0.09	96.49
BK04	97.66	0.02	1.14	0.23	0.49	0.02	0.16	0.11	0.03	0.26	0.02	99.88
注：全铁含量Fe₂O₃^T = Fe₂O₃+ 1.111×FeO.

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表 2 斯弄多矿区岩帽稀土元素分析结果（10^-6）

Table 2. REE element (10^-6) results for the lithocaps from the Sinongduo deposit

编号	La	Ce	Pr	Nd	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu	Y	ΣREE	LREE	HREE	δEu
BS01	10.40	12.12	3.41	16.22	5.08	0.78	7.33	1.54	9.12	2.00	5.68	0.88	5.62	0.85	48.70	81.04	48.01	33.03	0.58
BS02	10.02	9.08	2.89	14.24	6.44	0.83	12.81	2.85	18.84	4.16	12.38	1.87	12.85	1.87	112.79	111.13	43.49	67.63	0.39
BS03	11.49	15.47	3.53	17.04	6.25	0.89	11.42	2.42	15.25	3.41	9.77	1.41	9.34	1.32	94.36	109.03	54.69	54.34	0.46
BS04	17.33	27.19	5.33	25.93	9.63	1.23	16.85	3.52	22.11	4.91	14.13	2.08	14.18	1.98	140.04	166.41	86.65	79.76	0.43
BS05	11.11	7.02	2.72	11.49	2.99	0.39	4.83	1.00	6.68	1.47	4.36	0.67	4.04	0.69	36.16	59.44	35.71	23.72	0.46
BS06	19.65	27.52	7.63	38.95	11.22	1.54	12.45	2.15	11.80	2.27	5.98	0.83	5.20	0.69	51.31	147.89	106.51	41.38	0.61
BS07	13.42	45.46	4.08	18.72	6.09	0.66	9.09	1.89	12.23	2.59	7.70	1.17	8.28	1.14	63.74	132.52	88.43	44.08	0.40
BS08	21.37	34.95	7.94	40.00	10.72	1.32	10.34	1.62	8.58	1.63	4.32	0.59	3.79	0.49	33.90	147.64	116.29	31.36	0.59
BX01	123.12	198.35	24.84	90.64	14.79	1.69	10.67	1.00	4.19	0.88	3.10	0.49	2.47	0.56	20.24	476.80	453.44	23.36	0.63
BX02	106.62	154.78	16.54	60.40	11.70	1.32	8.82	0.89	4.04	0.89	3.12	0.54	2.32	0.64	19.45	372.63	351.36	21.26	0.61
BX03	58.63	80.06	8.29	32.38	5.74	0.60	3.27	0.36	1.87	0.45	1.59	0.23	1.64	0.22	15.44	195.32	185.69	9.63	0.63
BX04	94.63	138.79	14.43	49.22	7.01	0.77	6.08	0.63	2.86	0.63	2.20	0.35	2.81	0.39	24.36	320.79	304.84	15.95	0.55
BX05	134.64	209.96	25.84	96.90	17.61	2.07	12.44	1.12	4.93	1.07	3.68	0.59	3.29	0.68	29.21	514.81	487.02	27.79	0.65
BX06	83.39	137.82	17.10	61.17	10.34	1.21	7.73	0.70	2.91	0.63	2.20	0.35	1.77	0.40	16.97	327.72	311.04	16.68	0.63
BX07	50.54	77.68	8.33	29.37	4.38	0.49	3.65	0.41	2.06	0.45	1.46	0.23	1.76	0.26	14.42	181.07	170.79	10.28	0.58
BX08	104.74	169.38	20.99	78.70	13.51	1.68	9.74	0.91	3.59	0.74	2.58	0.41	3.19	0.48	16.36	410.64	389.00	21.64	0.68
BX09	107.79	160.27	16.84	58.36	10.14	1.11	8.08	0.79	3.36	0.68	2.32	0.40	3.21	0.45	24.67	373.82	354.52	19.31	0.57
BX10	94.99	144.95	15.97	54.83	7.61	0.84	6.28	0.47	1.34	0.26	0.97	0.14	0.89	0.16	8.50	329.69	319.19	10.50	0.57
BX11	25.13	38.81	3.82	13.13	1.94	0.23	1.89	0.24	1.31	0.30	0.97	0.15	1.15	0.17	11.10	89.22	83.05	6.17	0.55
BK01	29.04	65.86	9.25	41.31	7.96	0.64	7.17	1.08	5.34	0.94	2.43	0.29	2.76	0.21	26.15	174.26	154.06	20.21	0.40
BK02	125.39	290.13	43.88	216.30	46.38	4.41	41.60	6.10	28.41	4.86	11.60	1.24	12.21	0.84	131.41	833.34	726.48	106.86	0.47
BK03	155.69	423.46	68.16	334.63	79.13	6.40	68.38	11.02	54.43	9.50	22.92	2.55	22.30	1.58	223.72	1260.13	1067.46	192.67	0.41
BK04	31.65	74.86	10.49	44.68	8.84	0.68	7.94	1.20	6.02	1.09	2.78	0.34	2.88	0.25	29.77	193.70	171.20	22.50	0.38

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表 3 斯弄多矿区岩帽微量元素分析结果

Table 3. Trace element results for the lithocaps from the Sinongduo deposit

编号	Au	Hg	Ag	As	Ba	Be	Co	Cr	Cs	Cu	Ga	Hf	Li	Mo
BS01	1.09	108.30	3.70	117.33	163.36	16.36	0.51	9.05	1.68	9.26	3.03	1.86	34.34	8.14
BS02	1.43	88.70	1.20	75.55	128.58	17.79	0.40	7.61	1.64	7.87	3.02	1.61	28.29	1.73
BS03	2.36	75.91	4.02	370.10	199.63	21.41	0.49	9.01	2.89	11.29	3.82	2.53	57.83	4.96
BS04	2.79	136.98	3.82	531.61	125.42	19.34	0.40	6.31	2.26	7.85	3.28	2.08	51.19	5.34
BS05	1.36	126.58	1.81	73.13	130.39	26.59	0.43	6.84	2.04	5.90	4.70	1.45	26.00	5.35
BS06	1.59	308.27	8.38	414.88	159.95	7.14	0.56	6.81	2.88	16.60	2.34	3.22	61.11	68.38
BS07	1.36	157.88	1.52	101.37	100.35	28.79	0.27	6.27	1.49	3.46	3.73	1.56	25.33	5.07
BS08	6.06	390.86	12.80	457.99	185.62	6.14	0.31	6.13	3.03	8.17	2.98	3.00	63.67	20.57
BX01	1.09	9.58	0.07	10.23	128.11	0.67	0.59	5.24	0.50	2.12	34.12	8.49	114.50	1.02
BX02	2.15	22.40	0.44	8.60	180.74	1.00	0.76	10.11	1.83	3.65	21.39	8.07	90.27	1.83
BX03	0.47	29.82	5.53	6.59	104.96	1.04	0.52	10.45	1.86	6.19	2.45	6.60	39.19	20.94
BX04	0.36	2.31	0.68	2.81	96.83	0.75	0.30	6.24	0.86	8.02	11.36	9.66	104.50	2.58
BX05	0.41	10.81	0.12	6.94	108.33	0.80	0.21	3.66	1.40	3.72	20.72	11.45	80.25	0.71
BX06	0.45	19.01	0.08	10.91	105.94	0.70	0.16	3.72	0.90	2.62	25.10	9.38	88.65	0.65
BX07	0.45	5.19	1.07	3.50	80.18	1.12	0.12	2.82	0.97	2.03	5.28	6.38	41.29	2.22
BX08	0.55	26.09	0.09	11.93	105.35	0.73	0.13	2.81	0.68	1.60	29.08	8.11	118.60	0.58
BX09	2.45	16.03	0.10	5.28	149.68	1.45	0.10	2.39	2.10	1.46	24.01	9.49	105.30	0.55
BX10	1.29	7.50	0.16	10.47	74.26	0.41	0.10	1.92	0.61	2.62	25.15	8.63	218.80	1.29
BX11	2.02	15.04	1.53	5.87	55.35	0.95	0.13	1.62	0.86	1.87	1.30	5.91	26.03	3.95
BK01	80.21	428.15	7.23	236.37	50.15	1.90	0.24	5.70	3.81	3.67	2.65	1.36	77.08	27.39
BK02	360.74	2 234.69	27.77	644.74	124.90	1.55	0.46	4.09	6.23	6.34	14.50	4.13	54.73	135.50
BK03	307.06	53.75	13.25	552.64	178.50	2.16	0.18	1.98	7.36	3.38	16.00	4.86	49.28	140.61
BK04	87.40	77.72	6.22	223.31	55.23	1.82	0.24	3.30	3.65	3.98	2.71	1.43	77.06	13.71

编号	Nb	Ni	Pb	Rb	Sb	Sc	Sn	Sr	Ta	Th	U	V	Zn	Zr
BS01	6.33	2.09	1 288.30	25.19	14.36	0.88	1.48	26.02	0.18	3.83	1.86	4.35	89.91	22.67
BS02	5.88	2.00	288.75	19.72	6.77	0.97	1.77	17.34	0.10	3.26	1.32	3.71	49.84	7.32
BS03	10.38	1.83	1 893.66	35.65	9.71	0.99	2.46	21.19	0.22	7.77	2.44	4.09	68.09	25.91
BS04	7.72	1.49	1 329.56	32.49	12.15	1.06	1.74	19.89	0.20	7.18	2.58	4.01	50.89	9.52
BS05	7.15	2.00	328.60	30.90	7.91	1.12	2.93	17.54	0.12	3.05	1.03	3.51	55.62	16.56
BS06	8.57	1.65	4 769.16	31.27	46.95	2.06	1.83	27.93	0.42	9.60	7.67	3.49	332.70	38.02
BS07	5.12	1.29	330.51	16.40	13.98	0.87	1.60	18.57	0.10	5.08	2.24	2.48	34.34	16.61
BS08	9.11	1.42	3 438.59	26.53	35.59	0.77	1.58	37.93	0.48	11.55	5.49	2.34	54.96	42.26
BX01	30.11	1.88	47.04	4.22	0.78	4.78	5.87	322.92	3.01	59.09	8.33	17.75	5.91	296.56
BX02	17.91	3.44	45.07	14.03	0.90	3.44	4.14	269.65	1.73	41.29	3.91	13.34	10.67	291.99
BX03	10.91	2.18	12.77	15.15	1.98	1.53	1.23	58.65	0.43	13.68	2.40	5.03	10.60	241.76
BX04	18.74	1.80	28.01	9.84	1.66	2.02	2.01	148.06	1.69	33.21	2.51	5.52	3.59	361.24
BX05	30.11	0.88	58.69	10.29	0.87	5.23	4.41	317.07	3.12	75.99	6.62	14.45	7.70	408.35
BX06	23.19	0.66	38.08	7.87	0.78	3.36	4.66	239.12	2.18	47.85	5.70	13.87	6.45	343.13
BX07	10.37	0.82	19.67	9.79	1.76	0.92	1.03	55.89	0.82	16.08	2.11	4.29	4.47	229.29
BX08	24.85	0.51	49.11	6.80	0.75	3.78	5.06	280.45	2.49	49.85	6.14	14.56	6.47	284.48
BX09	27.12	0.42	61.63	8.10	0.72	4.85	4.79	344.51	2.70	61.54	5.71	11.47	5.88	341.55
BX10	26.16	0.56	68.89	7.50	0.76	1.86	4.01	272.48	2.46	43.24	1.80	10.52	5.37	315.95
BX11	8.59	0.87	6.40	11.65	2.24	0.51	0.42	14.45	0.35	8.63	1.48	1.75	3.48	215.41
BK12	1.36	1.58	27.91	25.67	11.38	0.41	0.27	36.72	0.05	2.12	0.30	4.72	8.47	20.19
BK13	6.18	1.28	92.47	124.76	43.40	2.39	3.04	43.14	0.26	14.01	1.90	43.60	19.50	108.68
BK14	9.38	0.68	46.80	174.37	16.39	2.60	1.88	42.92	0.87	15.07	1.71	32.57	23.12	124.89
BK15	1.39	1.35	15.85	21.39	9.86	0.47	0.28	22.96	0.06	1.71	0.32	2.80	8.47	21.42
注：Au含量单位为10^-9，其余元素为10^-6.

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