Sedimentary Environment Evolution and Yangtze River Channel Change in Guanzhou Site, Songzi City, Hubei Province
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摘要: 关洲古文化遗址位于长江松滋段江心洲地表之下，是江汉平原地区迄今最早的新石器时期文化遗址，也是同时期规模最大的遗址，是长江中游史前文明化进程的重要佐证.江心洲何以引来古人类栖居，尚未得到很好的解释.为了探讨该古文化遗址与长江关洲段河道变迁历史及其沉积环境演化过程之间的关系，对关洲遗址典型剖面的沉积物样品进行了14C测年和粒度分析.结果表明：剖面沉积年代为约12 783 cal.a B.P.至近现代；剖面下部（11.65~6.70 m）沉积物粒度偏细，粒度曲线反映出水动力较弱、低能的河流漫滩沉积环境；中部（6.70~2.10 m）沉积物粒度粗细互层交替出现，粒度曲线反映水动力较强的边滩-漫滩交替沉积环境，属于河床堆积；上部（2.10~0 m）沉积物粒度偏细，粒度曲线反映水动力较弱、低能的河流漫滩沉积环境.基于以上分析，关洲遗址沉积演化及长江关洲段河道变迁可分为3个阶段：第一阶段（11.65~6.70 m），约12 783 cal.a B.P.至明清，关洲与陆地相连，且城背溪文化期至明清之间古人类倚河而居，该阶段关洲位于长江主河道南侧的高河漫滩环境；第二阶段（6.70~2.10 m），明清后期，为动荡的河道沉积环境，关洲处于河流凹岸，侵蚀作用加剧，长江主河道逐渐往南迁移，河道河床沉积出现，关洲逐渐演化成心滩；第三阶段（2.10~0 m），近现代期间，关洲正式演变成江心洲，长江主河道迁移至关洲岛南侧.Abstract: Guanzhou Site, located beneath the surface of the central bar of Songzi reaches of the middle Yangtze River, which is the earliest and largest Neolithic cultural site found in the Jianghan Plain up to now. Since Guanzhou Site provides vital evidences for the prehistoric civilization in the middle Yangtze River, it is important to understand the relationship between geomorphological evolution and human development. Here, we use 14C dating and grain size characteristics analysis to investigate the sedimentary evolution history and constrain the drainage evolution of this region. We further discuss the causes of this site buried deep under the surface of Guanzhou Island. The chronology results show that the age of the Guanzhou Site is between 12 783 cal. a B.P. and Late 20th Century. The analytical results of grain size characteristics show that sediment deposited in the lower section (11.65-6.70 m) is fine, and the grain size changing tendency reflects the weak hydrodynamic and low-energy river sedimentary environment, which belongs to the floodplain bank accumulation. As for the middle (6.70-2.10 m) section, the coarse grain size layer and fine grain size layer occurred alternately, and the grain size curve shows the sedimentary environment changed between edge-floodplain deposition and strong hydrodynamic force, indicating that the site is in the condition of riverbed environment. The grain size characteristics of upper (2.10-0 m) section indicate it is a fine sediment layer, and the grain size curve reflects the river sedimentary environment as a weak and low energy hydrodynamic force, suggesting a floodplain accumulation. Based on the above analyses, the sedimentary evolution history and the middle Yangtze River channel evolution of the Guanzhou Site can be divided into three periods: The first period (11.65-6.70 m) is roughly from 12 783 cal. a B.P. to the Ming Dynasty or Qing Dynasty, when the former Guanzhou Island was still linked to the land, not an Island. The second period (6.70-2.10 m) is accumulation during the Ming Dynasty or Qing Dynasty, which exhibits a turbulent channel sedimentary environment. At that time, the Guanzhou Island was located on the concave bank of the river with strongly erosion. During the third period (2.10-0 m), the Guanzhou Island was finally formed as an island in the middle Yangtze River channel, separated from the land completely. From then on, the location of Guanzhou Island is similar to that of present-day, and the main channel of the Yangtze River in Songzi reaches changed to the south of the Guanzhou Island gradually.
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Key words:
- grain size analysis /
- 14C dating /
- Guanzhou Site /
- the middle Yangtze River /
- sedimentary evolution /
- channel change /
- stratigraphy
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图 2 遗址剖面岩性特征及文化分层
Fig. 2. Lithologic characteristics and cultural stratification of the site section
图 3 第1、7、8、9和10层沉积物频率曲线（a~e）和概率累计曲线（f~j）
Fig. 3. Frequency curves(a-e) and probability accumulation curves(f-j)of sediments in layers 1, 7, 8, 9 and 10
图 4 第2、4和6层沉积物频率曲线（a~c）和概率累计曲线（d~f）
Fig. 4. Frequency curves(a-c) and probability accumulation curves(d-f)of sediments in layers 2, 4 and 6
图 5 第3、5和11层沉积物频率曲线（a~c）和概率累计曲线（d~f）
Fig. 5. Frequency curves(a-c) and probability accumulation curves(d-f)of sediments in layers 3, 5 and 11
图 7 关洲遗址地貌演化及河道变迁示意图
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of landform evolution and river course change of Guanzhou Site
表 1 关洲剖面AMS 14C测年及日历年龄校正结果
Table 1. AMS 14C dating and calendar age correction for Guanzhou Site
样品深度(m) 材料 14C年龄
(a B.P.)14C校正年龄
(1δ a B.P.)14C校正年龄
(2δ a B.P.)2δ日历校正年龄
(cal. a B.P.)10.00 鱼骨 6 940±35 7 709~7 795 (63.3%) 7 682~7 848 (95.4%) 7 765±83 11.20 木头 10 920±60 12 719~12 824 (68.2%) 12 700~12 953 (95.4%) 12 783±122 
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