Diagenetic Environment Evolution of Fracture Veins of Shale Core in Second Member of Niutitang Formation in Southern Limb of Huangling Anticline and Its Connection with Shale Gas Preservation
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摘要: 岩心观察鄂西黄陵背斜南翼下寒武统牛蹄塘组二段黑色页岩中发育构造挤压成因的高角度裂缝和顺层裂缝.选取不同产状的典型裂缝脉体样品，薄片镜下观察发现高角度裂缝中充填方解石脉，顺层裂缝中充填方解石-白云石复合脉.通过阴极发光、流体包裹体分析以及微区原位元素测定，开展了裂缝脉体成岩环境演化研究，分析了不同产状裂缝对页岩气层局部封闭性的影响.阴极发光结果表明，高角度方解石脉和顺层方解石-白云石复合脉均为2期流体活动形成.根据流体包裹体分析，高角度方解石脉早期成脉流体主要为变质较深的地层卤水，晚期成脉流体混入了低矿化度流体，而顺层方解石-白云石复合脉2期成脉流体均未受低矿化度流体的改造.利用不同阴极发光的裂缝脉体碳酸盐矿物的微区原位微量元素测定结果，对铁锰含量、稀土元素（REE）和氧化还原判别参数分析显示，高角度方解石脉成岩环境经历了由还原环境向氧化环境转化，而顺层方解石-白云石复合脉的成岩环境长期保持了较为还原的环境.因此认为，高角度裂缝对页岩气层的局部封闭条件可能产生破坏作用，从而造成页岩气一定程度的散失，而顺层裂缝对局部封闭条件的破坏作用相对有限，裂缝发育特征及其经历的成岩演化过程研究可为页岩气层自封闭和页岩气微观保存条件的评价提供依据.Abstract: Core observation shows that high-angle and bed-parallel fractures of tectonic compression origin develop in the black shale of the second member of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the southern limb of Huangling anticline,West Hubei. Typical fracture veins with different occurrences were selected,calcite vein was filled in high-angle fractures and calcite-dolomite composite vein was filled in bedding fractures under thin section microscopy. Through cathodic luminescence,fluid inclusion analysis and in-situ element determination,the evolutions of diagenetic environment of fractured veins were studied,and the effects of different occurrence fractures on local sealing of shale gas reservoirs were analyzed. The cathodic luminescence observation indicates that the high-angle calcite vein and bed-parallel calcite-dolomite composite vein were both formed by two phases of fluid activity. According to fluid inclusion analysis,the early vein-forming fluids of high-angle calcite vein were mainly deep-metamorphic stratum brine while the late vein-forming fluids were mixed with low-salinity fluids,however the two-stage vein-forming fluids of bed-parallel calcite-dolomite composite vein were not modified by low salinity fluids. The in-situ element determination results of carbonate minerals with different cathodoluminescence characteristics in fracture veins,and analyses of iron and manganese content,rare earth elements(REE) and redox discriminant parameters,show that the diagenetic environment of high-angle calcite vein has undergone a transformation from reductive environment to oxidative environment,while the diagenetic environment of bed-parallel calcite-dolomite composite vein has maintained a relatively reductive environment for a long time. Therefore,it is considered that high-angle fractures may have destructive effect on the local sealing conditions of shale gas reservoirs,resulting in the loss of shale gas to a certain extent. While bed-parallel fractures may have relatively limited destructive effect on the local sealing conditions. The study of fracture development characteristics and diagenetic evolution process can provide basis for the evaluation of self-sealing conditions of shale gas reservoirs and micro-preservation conditions of shale gas.
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图 1 黄陵背斜构造位置及采样井位
Fig. 1. Structure location and the location of sampling well of Huangling anticline
图 2 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井牛蹄塘组地层综合柱状图及页岩段裂缝发育特征
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic columnar section and shale fracture development of Niutitang Formation of Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
图 3 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井高角度方解石脉岩相学及阴极发光特征
Fig. 3. Characteristics of petrography and cathodoluminescence of high-angle calcite vein from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
图 4 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井顺层方解石-白云石复合脉岩相学及阴极发光特征
Fig. 4. Characteristics of petrography and cathodoluminescence of bed-parallel calcite-dolomite composite vein from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
图 5 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井裂缝脉体盐水包裹体和甲烷包裹体形态与产出特征
a.高角度方解石脉早期形成的方解石中的盐水包裹体，Tm≈-20 ℃，ZD1井272.25 m，单偏光；b.高角度方解石脉早期形成的方解石中的甲烷包裹体，ZD1井272.25 m，单偏光；c.高角度方解石脉晚期形成的方解石中的盐水包裹体，Tm≈-0.5 ℃，ZD1井272.25 m，单偏光；d.顺层方解石-白云石复合脉早期形成的方解石中的盐水包裹体，Tm≈-21.5 ℃，ZD1井314.76 m，单偏光；e.顺层方解石-白云石复合脉早期形成的方解石中的甲烷包裹体，ZD1井314.76 m，单偏光；f.顺层方解石-白云石复合脉晚期形成的白云石中的盐水包裹体，Tm≈-20.1 ℃，ZD1井314.76 m，单偏光
Fig. 5. Shapes and occurrences of saline inclusions and methane inclusions in fracture veins from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
图 6 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井裂缝脉体甲烷包裹体激光拉曼谱图
Fig. 6. Laser Raman spectra of methane inclusions in fracture veins from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
图 7 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井裂缝脉体盐水包裹体均一温度与盐度分布特征
a.高角度方解石脉盐水包裹体均一温度与盐度分布散点图；b.高角度方解石脉盐水包裹体均一温度统计直方图；c.顺层方解石-白云石复合脉盐水包裹体均一温度与盐度分布散点图；d.顺层方解石-白云石复合脉盐水包裹体均一温度统计直方图
Fig. 7. Homogenization temperature and salinity distribution characteristics of brine inclusions in fracture veins from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
图 8 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井裂缝脉体稀土配分模式
a.高角度方解石脉样品，其中ZD1-3-1、ZD1-3-2测点代表早期形成的方解石，ZD1-3-3、ZD1-3-4测点代表晚期形成的方解石；b.顺层方解石-白云石复合脉样品，其中ZD1-5-1、ZD1-5-4测点代表早期形成的方解石，ZD1-5-2、ZD1-5-3测点代表晚期形成的白云石
Fig. 8. REE distribution patterns of fracture veins from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
图 9 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井裂缝脉体氧化还原环境判别参数分布特征
a.高角度方解石脉样品，其中ZD1-3-1、ZD1-3-2测点代表早期形成的方解石，ZD1-3-3、ZD1-3-4测点代表晚期形成的方解石；b.顺层方解石-白云石复合脉样品，其中ZD1-5-1、ZD1-5-4测点代表早期形成的方解石，ZD1-5-2、ZD1-5-3测点代表晚期形成的白云石
Fig. 9. Distribution characteristic of discriminant parameters of reductive environment of fracture veins from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
图 10 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井埋藏史-抬升-热演化史图及成脉古流体活动时间与深度
a.高角度裂缝方解石脉样品；b.顺层裂缝方解石-白云石复合脉样品
Fig. 10. History of burial-uplifting-thermal evolution and the activity time and depth of vein forming paleo fluid of Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
表 1 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井裂缝脉体样品信息
Table 1. Sample information of fracture veins from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
样品编号 采样层位 深度(m) 脉体类型 脉体产状 ZD1-3 牛蹄塘组二段 272.25 方解石脉 高角度 ZD1-5 牛蹄塘组二段 314.76 方解石-白云石复合脉 顺层 
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表 2 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井裂缝脉体Fe2+、Mn2+含量(10-6)
Table 2. Contents of Fe2+ and Mn2+ in fracture veins from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline(10-6)
样品编号 ZD1-3 ZD1-5 测试点编号 ZD1-3-1 ZD1-3-2 ZD1-3-3 ZD1-3-4 ZD1-5-1 ZD1-5-2 ZD1-5-3 ZD1-5-4 Mn2+ 332.733 2 271.246 0 150.856 2 161.001 4 462.024 7 1 438.253 4 1 543.967 6 510.752 2 Fe2+ 4 956.668 3 2 635.823 0 2 147.313 6 2 381.884 9 3 535.675 7 64 135.281 5 57 772.807 7 3 478.833 0 Fe2+/Mn2+ 15 10 14 15 8 / / 7 阴极发光强度 强度较弱 中等强度 强度较弱 强度较弱 中等强度 不发光 不发光 中等强度
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表 3 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井裂缝脉体微量元素含量(10-6)
Table 3. Contents of trace elements in fractured veins from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
样品编号 ZD1-3 ZD1-5 测试点编号 ZD1-3-1 ZD1-3-2 ZD1-3-3 ZD1-3-4 ZD1-5-1 ZD1-5-2 ZD1-5-3 ZD1-5-4 La 13.342 6 6.667 9 0.035 8 0.020 0 2.384 6 4.180 0 6.208 1 3.974 6 Ce 37.525 9 11.761 1 0.056 8 0.063 9 5.474 9 11.960 3 17.965 7 9.644 7 Pr 5.086 2 1.327 1 0.006 0 0.013 5 0.862 9 1.970 0 2.947 1 1.525 2 Nd 25.444 8 5.171 1 0 0 3.836 9 9.739 3 14.307 6 7.484 2 Sm 5.988 0 1.056 8 0.037 4 0 0.968 6 2.086 3 3.088 9 1.760 1 Eu 2.038 5 0.279 9 0.000 9 0 0.804 9 1.365 2 1.861 7 2.182 2 Gd 6.727 5 0.727 6 0 0.012 5 1.077 5 1.926 5 2.731 4 1.526 4 Tb 1.077 3 0.125 2 0.002 9 0 0.262 5 0.210 3 0.286 8 0.186 8 Dy 7.374 4 0.689 6 0.029 4 0.005 9 1.849 6 0.882 1 1.116 9 1.110 2 Ho 1.484 7 0.118 1 0 0.005 1 0.381 7 0.122 0 0.136 3 0.227 4 Er 3.282 3 0.424 1 0.006 8 0.021 4 1.026 0 0.242 0 0.212 2 0.552 3 Tm 0.397 6 0.042 9 0 0.003 7 0.145 7 0.028 5 0.012 8 0.096 6 Yb 2.333 1 0.204 4 0.023 5 0.011 4 1.206 5 0.036 3 0.014 0 0.422 0 Lu 0.304 4 0.039 5 0.007 0 0 0.147 5 0.003 4 0.002 2 0.074 4 V 12.621 1 2.240 8 0.082 7 0.098 6 1.643 8 1.874 0 2.565 9 1.203 5 Cr 1.609 7 1.697 4 0.535 2 0.560 9 0.725 8 0.208 5 0.526 7 0.563 4 Co 0.006 3 0.011 4 0.079 7 0.046 5 0.014 6 0.014 5 0.029 8 0.026 1 Ni 0.325 5 0.745 8 0.131 1 0.116 6 0.466 6 6.940 5 6.635 8 0.822 0 Th 0.006 9 0.005 2 0.000 5 0.003 2 2.546 5 0.001 5 0.008 8 1.648 2 U 0.021 2 0.013 1 0 0.002 0 8.287 3 0.029 0 0.088 0 4.195 1 注：0值表示该元素含量低于微区原位分析仪器检测下限.
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表 4 黄陵背斜南翼ZD1井裂缝脉体微量元素特征参数(10-6)
Table 4. Characteristic parameters of trace elements in fracture veins from Well ZD1 in southern limb of Huangling anticline
样品编号 ZD1-3 ZD1-5 测试点编号 ZD1-3-1 ZD1-3-2 ZD1-3-3 ZD1-3-4 ZD1-5-1 ZD1-5-2 ZD1-5-3 ZD1-5-4 V/Cr 7.840 5 1.320 1 0.154 5 0.175 7 2.264 8 8.986 9 4.871 5 2.136 0 Ni/Co 51.339 8 65.272 8 1.645 9 2.506 3 31.971 5 477.442 2 222.963 3 31.461 3 U/Th 3.078 1 2.550 0 / 0.625 8 3.254 4 19.894 6 9.961 0 2.545 3 V /(V+Ni) 0.974 9 0.750 3 0.386 8 0.458 1 0.778 9 0.212 6 0.278 8 0.594 2 ∑REE 112.407 2 28.635 3 0.206 5 0.157 5 20.429 8 34.752 2 50.891 8 30.767 0 ∑LREE 89.425 9 26.264 0 0.136 9 0.097 4 14.332 7 31.301 0 46.379 2 26.570 9 ∑HREE 22.981 3 2.371 3 0.069 6 0.060 0 6.097 1 3.451 2 4.512 7 4.196 0 ∑LREE/∑HREE 3.891 2 11.075 7 1.966 4 1.622 9 2.350 8 9.069 5 10.277 5 6.332 4 δCe 0.992 2 0.861 1 0.844 7 0.848 2 0.831 3 0.907 8 0.914 8 0.853 2 δEu 1.410 1 1.401 6 / / 3.459 2 2.989 7 2.814 0 5.845 2 注：δCe=CeN/(LaN·PrN)1/2，CeN、LaN、PrN分别为该元素实测值的NASC标准化值；δEu=EuN/(SmN·GdN)1/2，EuN、SmN、GdN分别为该元素实测值的NASC标准化值.
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