贵州岩溶区浅层地下水氯化物及硫酸盐环境背景值

宋小庆; 彭钦; 王伟; 屈秋楠

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2019.166

贵州岩溶区浅层地下水氯化物及硫酸盐环境背景值

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.166

宋小庆^1,2,,
彭钦^1,2,
王伟^1,2, ,,
屈秋楠^1,2

1.
贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局111地质大队, 贵州贵阳 550008
2.
贵州地质工程勘察设计研究院, 贵州贵阳 550008

基金项目:

贵州省地质勘查基金项目黔国土资地环函[2014]23号

贵州省地矿局地质科研项目黔地矿科合[2017]17

详细信息

作者简介:
宋小庆(1986—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要从事地下水与地热能研究

通讯作者:
王伟

中图分类号: P641
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-02-05
- 刊出日期: 2019-11-15

Analysis of Environmental Background Values of Chloride and Sulfate in Shallow Groundwater in Karst Area of Guizhou

Song Xiaoqing^{1,2
,},
Peng Qin^1,2,
Wang Wei^{1,2
, ,},
Qu Qiunan^1,2

1.
Geological Party 111, Guizhou Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration & Development, Guiyang 550008, China
2.
Geo-Engineering Investigation Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550008, China

摘要

摘要: 以贵州抗旱打井找水项目2007-2015年采集的3 699件浅层地下水化学样品分析数据为依据，在分析区域地质背景和水文地质条件的基础上，对研究区地下水化学数据进行聚类分析及水文地质单元划分，运用箱型图和迭代标准差法剔除异常值，并判断各水文地质区水化学数据的分布类型，最后取剔除异常值后数据的95百分位数作为环境背景值上限阀值.研究结果表明：贵州岩溶区浅层地下水属中偏碱性，水中阳离子以Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺为主，阴离子以HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-为主，地下水类型主要为HCO₃-Ca·Mg和HCO₃-Ca型，区内地下水中离子的主要来源为岩石矿物的风化水解；地下水SO₄^2-和Cl^-分布类型以正态分布为主，对数正态分布次之，偏态分布最少，三叠系中统关岭组膏岩层及二叠系含煤地层中地下水的SO₄^2-环境背景值阀值为68.71~164.32 mg/L，其他区域背景值阀值为19.42~39.05 mg/L；Cl^-背景值阀值为3.45~6.65 mg/L，区域变化较小.
- 贵州 /
- 岩溶 /
- 氯化物 /
- 硫酸盐 /
- 环境背景值 /
- 水文地质
Abstract: This study focuses on the environmental background values in shallow groundwater in karst area of Guizhou. Firstly, the study area is divided into different groundwater environmental units according to the analysis data of 3 699 shallow groundwater chemical samples collected for the Guizhou Drought-Resistant Well-Drilling and Water Prospecting Project from 2007 to 2015, and the analysis of the geological background and hydrogeological conditions. Then, the box plot and the iteration standard deviation method are used to eliminate the abnormal values, and determine the distribution type of water chemical data in each hydrogeological area. Finally the 95th percentile of the data is taken as the upper threshhold of the environmental background values after deleting the outliers. The results show that the shallow groundwater in Guizhou karst area is neutral alkaline water, the cations are mainly Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, the anions are mainly HCO₃^- and SO₄^2- and the groundwater types are mainly HCO₃-Ca·Mg type and HCO₃-Ca type. The main sources of ions in groundwater are weathering and hydrolysis of rocks and minerals. The distribution types of SO₄^2- and Cl^- ions in groundwater are mainly normal distribution, followed by lognormal distribution and least skewed distribution. The environmental background threshold values of the SO₄^2- ion of the Middle Triassic Guanling Formation and the Permian coal-bearing strata are 68.71-164.32 mg/L, while those of other areas are 19.42-39.05 mg/L. The threshold background values of Cl^- ion range from 3.45 to 6.65 mg/L, and the regional variations are small.
- Guizhou /
- karst /
- chloride /
- sulfate /
- background value /
- hydrogeology

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图 1 研究区地理位置

Fig. 1. Location of the study area

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图 2 SO₄²^－、Cl^－箱型图

Fig. 2. The box plots of SO₄²^－ and Cl^－

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图 3 研究区地下水piper图

Fig. 3. The piper diagram of groundwater in the study area

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图 4 研究区地下水吉布斯图

Fig. 4. The Gibbs diagrams of the groundwater in the study area

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图 5 不同区域浅层地下水主要离子比例系数

Fig. 5. Hydrochemical reationships between the selected ions of shallow groundwater in different areas

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图 6 研究区地下水SO₄^2-浓度分布

Fig. 6. Groundwater SO₄^2- concentration distribution map in the study area

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图 7 研究区地下水Cl^-浓度分布

Fig. 7. Groundwater Cl^- concentration distribution map in the study area

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表 1 研究区水文地质分区特征

Table 1. Hydrogeological division in the study area

编号	名称	水文地质特征
Ⅰ₁	黔西山地斜坡峰丛洼地型	褶皱发育强烈，碳夹碎相间分布，石灰岩分布地带地表与地下岩溶发育，并形成地表与地下相通的双重排水系统，受地表深切河谷控制，岩层含水极不均匀，斜坡地带地下水位埋藏普遍较深，地下水多在深切河谷中集中排泄
Ⅰ₂	黔北垄岗槽谷型	背斜核部多形成谷地，地下水位较浅，岩层含水性和透水性较均匀，富水性较好，向斜核部常形成“高位”岩溶地下水系统，在碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩接触的部位，常有岩溶大泉、地下河出口分布
Ⅰ₃	黔南山地斜坡峰丛洼地型	地表与地下岩溶极为发育，地表形成簇状峰丛和深洼，地下发育形成众多的地下河管道，地表明流与地下伏流频繁交替
Ⅱ₁	黔北峰丛盆谷型	背斜核部地表多形成岩溶山间盆地或谷地，地下水埋藏浅，富水性良好且含水性和透水性较均匀
Ⅱ₂	黔东溶丘谷地型	白云岩大面积分布，岩层倾角平缓，断裂发育呈网状是本类型岩溶水文地质区突出的地质特征
Ⅱ_3-1、Ⅱ_3-2	黔中丘原、峰林盆地型	地下水埋藏浅、岩层富水性较强，含水性和透水性较均匀，但石灰岩分布区岩溶相对较发育，岩层含水性和透水性不均匀，常有地下河发育
Ⅱ₄	黔南峰丛谷地型	东、西部水文地质条件差异较大，主要为峰丛洼地、峰林谷地地貌，区内地表工程性缺水面积较大
Ⅲ₁	乌江干流下游峰丛洼地型	受地质构造和地形影响，地下水赋存条件变化较大，相对而言，在河谷斜坡峰丛山地型岩溶水文地质中，其地下水的赋存条件和开发利用条件相对较好
Ⅲ₂	北盘江河谷峰丛洼地型	可供有效开发利用的地表水和地下水严重缺乏，工程性缺水是区内主要的地质环境问题
Ⅳ	断陷盆地型	盆地中第四系覆盖层较厚，下伏石灰岩地层中岩溶极为发育，地下水浅埋，岩层含水性和透水性相对均匀，岩层富水性强

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表 2 研究区地下水主要组分特征

Table 2. Main components of groundwater in the study area

水环境分区	样本数(件)	有效样本数（件）	SO₄²^－		Cl^－		Ca²⁺ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺ (mg/L)	Na⁺ (mg/L)	K⁺ (mg/L)	TDS (mg/L)	pH
水环境分区	样本数(件)	有效样本数（件）	检出率(%)	浓度(mg/L)	检出率(%)	浓度(mg/L)	Ca²⁺ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺ (mg/L)	Na⁺ (mg/L)	K⁺ (mg/L)	TDS (mg/L)	pH
Ⅰ₁	358	345	98.04	0.93~249.72	100.00	0.02~30.60	0.1~549.7	0.4~191.1	0.2~95.1	0.1~99.2	10.8~2 156.6	6.3~8.8
Ⅰ₂	305	298	100.00	1.00~248.00	100.00	1.41~30.52	3.4~369.5	0.5~75.0	0.0~230.0	0.0~10.10	12.2~1 140.1	6.7~8.6
Ⅰ₃	123	122	100.00	2.00~148.00	100.00	0.78~26.46	3.3~144.1	0.6~50.6	0.0~80.39	0.0~7.0	23.6~552.8	6.6~8.3
Ⅱ₁	542	529	100.00	1.33~204.00	99.82	0.13~33.04	4.3~394.5	1.5~140.5	0.0~84.8	0.0~13.9	35.1~1 194.8	6.6~8.4
Ⅱ₂	796	794	100.00	1.00~146.27	100.00	0.25~28.38	2.6~200.9	0.8~69.9	0.0~93.4	0.0~21.3	19.5~554.9	6.5~8.4
Ⅱ_3-1	548	510	100.00	0.07~266.90	100.00	0.27~29.86	4.8~523.1	1.0~170.9	0.1~123.4	0.0~17.0	23.5~1 866.5	6.5~8.3
Ⅱ_3-2	367	357	100.00	0.01~182.57	99.73	0.14~22.34	4.9~603.5	2.0~141.2	0.1~95.6	0.0~20.8	20.6~2 126.5	6.7~8.9
Ⅱ₄	117	114	100.00	2.00~148.72	100.00	0.85~27.63	2.1~156.5	0.4~53.5	0.2~87.3	0.1~7.0	105.1~499.2	6.7~8.2
Ⅲ₁	227	225	100.00	2.00~119.30	100.00	0.96~15.29	6.7~211.7	1.0~97.0	0.2~67.9	0.0~27.2	24.7~383.2	6.6~8.5
Ⅲ₂	216	210	100.00	0.02~186.30	100.00	0.03~25.20	7.7~549.7	0.6~96.1	0.0~133.2	0.0~10.9	86.7~1 266.9	7.0~8.5
Ⅳ	100	94	100.00	2.00~152.29	99.00	0.25~17.40	0.8~560.8	0.1~67.7	0.2~149.2	0.2~4.4	10.9~604.0	6.8~8.1

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表 3 研究区地下水SO₄²^－、Cl^－组分背景值计算结果

Table 3. Calculation results of background values of groundwater SO₄²^－ and Cl^－ components in the study area

水文地质分区	类型	方法	SO₄²^－						Cl^－
水文地质分区	类型	方法	分布类型	集中值M	标准差S	变异系数Cv	95百分位数(mg/L)	背景值阈值(mg/L)	分布类型	集中值M	标准差S	变异系数Cv	95百分位数(mg/L)	背景值阈值(mg/L)
Ⅰ₁	A	箱型图I₂σ	N	28.76	16.89	0.59	34.03	32.57	N	2.90	1.58	0.54	4.33	4.04
	A		N	26.40	12.18	0.46	31.11	32.57	N	3.38	1.43	0.42	3.75	4.04
	B		N	19.41	11.37	0.59	25.90	23.80	N	3.70	2.10	0.57	4.22	4.11
	B		N	18.00	10.27	0.57	21.70	23.80	LN	3.38	1.60	0.47	4.01	4.11
	C		P	90.00	33.62	0.37	124.51	127.25	N	3.76	2.53	0.67	5.11	4.93
	C		N	92.66	40.26	0.43	129.98	127.25	N	3.96	1.92	0.48	4.74	4.93
Ⅰ₂	A		P	20.00	11.19	0.56	26.54	27.71	N	5.19	2.36	0.45	5.60	5.31
	A		LN	24.00	12.34	0.51	28.88	27.71	LN	4.59	1.77	0.39	5.01	5.31
	B		N	22.00	10.29	0.47	27.51	27.32	N	5.39	2.18	0.40	5.31	5.16
	B		LN	20.00	10.70	0.54	27.12	27.32	LN	4.69	1.84	0.39	5.00	5.16
	C		LN	70.00	10.21	0.17	90.10	94.17	N	3.75	1.82	0.49	5.19	5.00
	C		NL	74.00	14.75	0.20	98.23	94.17	N	3.79	1.70	0.45	4.82	5.00
Ⅰ₃	A		N	28.50	27.09	0.95	35.75	34.46	N	1.89	1.46	0.77	4.18	3.70
	A		N	22.86	12.26	0.54	33.17	34.46	N	2.82	1.35	0.48	3.22	3.70
	B		N	33.00	7.53	0.23	31.29	30.09	N	3.56	2.69	0.76	4.29	4.15
	B		N	28.00	11.35	0.41	28.88	30.09	N	3.26	1.65	0.51	4.00	4.15
	C		N	93.83	46.04	0.49	124.73	124.37	LN	3.83	2.77	0.72	5.54	5.54
	C		N	93.00	47.40	0.51	124.00	124.37	LN	3.93	2.67	0.68	5.54	5.54
Ⅱ₁	A		N	34.00	22.48	0.66	42.43	39.05	N	5.16	3.06	0.59	5.07	5.00
	A		LN	24.23	14.51	0.60	35.67	39.05	LN	4.16	2.32	0.56	4.93	5.00
	B		N	23.20	15.83	0.68	26.16	25.96	N	3.36	2.67	0.79	3.46	3.45
	B		LN	22.00	12.70	0.58	25.75	25.96	LN	3.31	1.52	0.46	3.43	3.45
	C		N	122.77	53.77	0.44	142.12	143.84	N	1.71	1.92	1.12	4.43	4.30
	C		N	131.48	36.31	0.28	145.55	143.84	LN	2.84	2.05	0.72	4.16	4.30
Ⅱ₂	A		N	26.40	13.61	0.52	26.35	23.67	N	5.56	2.82	0.51	5.12	5.12
	A		N	18.79	19.51	1.04	20.99	23.67	LN	3.88	2.42	0.62	5.12	5.12
	B		N	16.02	5.78	0.36	20.04	19.42	N	4.05	2.28	0.56	4.93	4.70
	B		LN	14.32	9.47	0.66	18.79	19.42	LN	4.24	2.00	0.47	4.46	4.70
	C		LN	96.60	27.27	0.22	103.25	106.95	N	5.99	2.57	0.43	6.10	5.68
	C		N	106.50	21.78	0.33	110.65	106.95	N	5.85	2.38	0.41	5.25	5.68
Ⅱ₃	A		LN	35.00	17.81	0.51	34.26	31.42	LN	4.69	2.67	0.57	5.07	4.61
	A		LN	24.00	19.05	0.79	28.58	31.42	LN	3.77	1.89	0.50	4.14	4.61
	B		N	15.00	17.96	1.20	27.18	28.64	LN	4.25	2.12	0.50	4.38	4.23
	B		LN	16.96	15.90	0.94	30.09	28.64	LN	3.58	2.04	0.57	4.07	4.23
	C		N	115.57	65.79	0.57	142.20	131.87	LN	3.30	2.26	0.68	4.39	4.19
	C		lN	101.00	80.69	0.80	121.54	131.87	LN	3.30	2.02	0.61	3.98	4.19
Ⅱ₄	A		N	16.26	9.29	0.57	20.10	20.05	N	4.47	2.48	0.55	5.93	5.57
	A		N	16.32	14.41	0.88	20.00	20.05	N	5.51	2.59	0.47	5.21	5.57
	B		N	20.00	10.33	0.52	27.44	28.99	N	4.28	3.05	0.71	6.18	5.60
	B		N	30.00	19.38	0.65	30.54	28.99	N	4.00	2.01	0.50	5.02	5.60
	C		N	98.72	16.48	0.18	108.26	108.13	N	6.67	2.93	0.44	6.93	6.65
	C		N	92.00	13.25	0.18	108.00	108.13	N	5.85	2.61	0.45	6.36	6.65
Ⅲ₁	A		N	19.78	5.36	0.27	22.31	21.82	LN	4.79	1.24	0.26	4.86	4.41
	A		N	17.00	11.23	0.66	21.33	21.82	N	3.37	1.34	0.40	3.95	4.41
	B		N	11.04	7.12	0.64	22.07	23.86	LN	2.58	1.03	0.40	5.32	5.28
	B		LN	13.20	10.69	0.81	25.65	23.86	LN	2.75	2.12	0.77	5.23	5.28
	C		P	64.65	6.58	0.10	70.65	68.71	LN	5.40	1.50	0.28	6.52	6.44
	C		P	62.40	10.00	0.16	66.76	68.71	LN	4.62	0.86	0.19	6.36	6.44
Ⅲ₂	A		N	26.40	16.16	0.61	32.03	30.55	N	2.95	2.82	0.96	5.15	4.93
	A		N	20.58	16.14	0.78	29.07	30.55	N	3.78	2.05	0.54	4.71	4.93
	B		N	21.71	18.52	0.85	35.22	35.12	N	1.98	1.81	0.91	5.13	5.00
	B		LN	20.00	17.69	0.88	35.02	35.12	LN	2.22	1.35	0.61	4.87	5.00
	C		N	148.18	53.83	0.36	175.12	164.32	N	4.24	2.41	0.57	6.51	6.51
	C		N	128.51	77.09	0.60	153.52	164.32	N	5.49	2.41	0.44	6.51	6.51
Ⅳ	A		N	23.03	22.86	0.99	28.72	29.84	N	2.92	2.47	0.85	4.41	4.20
	A		N	24.97	19.32	0.77	30.96	29.84	LN	2.72	1.76	0.65	3.98	4.20
	B		N	16.00	9.27	0.58	24.89	24.45	N	3.63	2.35	0.65	4.63	4.37
	B		N	15.95	11.30	0.71	24.00	24.45	N	2.82	1.33	0.47	4.11	4.37
	C		N	120.00	55.07	0.46	131.91	127.18	N	2.98	2.27	0.76	4.39	4.24
	C		N	103.53	60.10	0.58	122.45	127.18	LN	2.85	1.64	0.58	4.08	4.24
注：分布类型中N表示正态分布；LN表示对数正态分布；P表示偏态分布.

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