Vertical Changes of Planktonic Bacteria Community and Predictive Functional Analysis in Summer Dali-Nor Lake
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摘要: 浮游细菌是湖泊水生态系统关键组成部分，在元素、能量迁移转化过程中作用明显.基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术，以夏季内蒙古达里诺尔湖（简称“达里湖”）为研究区，对内陆封闭型湖泊水体浮游细菌群落垂向变化特征及影响因素进行了对比分析.结果显示：夏季达里湖浮游细菌群落多样性在表层水中最高，中层水最低；而丰富度则在底层水中最高，中层水最低.此外，浮游细菌群落组成也存在一定程度的垂向差异：在纲类水平上，Actinobacteria丰度优势明显，表层水为24.70%、中层水为21.06%、底层水为24.77%.冗余分析（RDA）结果表明不同深度水体中优势菌群受理化指标影响不同：表层水优势菌群结构受总溶解性固体含量、电导率等理化指标的影响最明显；不同形态营养元素则是中层水优势菌群结构的主要影响因素；在底层水中，优势菌群则受叶绿素、化学需氧量等理化指标的影响最明显.整体上，水深变化引起的湖水理化性质垂向差异成为影响达里湖夏季水体浮游细菌群落结构特征的关键因素之一.Abstract: Planktonic bacteria is the key component of water ecosystem, playing an important role in processes of materials and energy cycle. In this study, we have collected 43 water samples from the surface water, middle water and bottom water in the summer Dali-nor lake, an inland closed lake in the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Based on 16S rRNA gene-based high throughput sequencing technology, the vertical variation characteristics and ecological function of planktonic bacterial community have been analyzed in detail. The results show that: in summer, the diversity of phytoplankton community in Dali lake is the highest in surface water, the lowest in middle water, and the richness is the highest in bottom water, and the lowest in middle water. In addition, the Actinobacteria is the most dominant class, which is 24.70% in the surface water, 21.06% in the middle water, and 24.77% in the bottom water respectively. Redundancy analysis results show that the dominant microbial acceptance indicators in different depths of water have different effects. The dominant microflora in surface water of Dali-nor lake is most affected by TDS and EC, which represent exogenous input. The dominant microflora in middle water is mainly affected by different forms of nutrient elements. In bottom water, the dominant microflora is most obviously affected by Chla and COD. And the change of water depth is also one of the key factors affecting the structure of dominant flora in middle and bottom water. On the whole, the vertical difference of the physical and chemical proxies caused by the change of water depth, has become one of the key factors affecting the structural characteristics of planktonic bacteria in summer Dali-nor lake.
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图 1 达里湖位置及采样点分布示意
取样点位置分布及5 m等水深线的区域示意图, 修改自Xiao et al.(2008); 王旭阳(2017)
Fig. 1. Distribution of sample sites and water depth profile of Dali-nor lake
图 2 夏季达里湖水体典型理化指标变化特征
Fig. 2. Characteristics of classical physicochemical proxies in Dali-nor lake
图 3 达里湖不同深度水体OTU构成Venn图
图中数值代表不同水体中独有或共享的OTU个数, 颜色无具体含义, 仅为便于区分不同水深样品
Fig. 3. Veen diagram of OTU in different water layers of Dali-nor lake
图 4 达里湖不同深度水体纲类水平上浮游细菌群落结构组成
a.不同水深浮游细菌群落结构饼图；b.浮游细菌优势菌纲的聚类分析
Fig. 4. Community of planktonic bacteria at class level in different depths of Dali-nor lake
图 5 不同深度湖水中浮游细菌菌门与水体理化指标参数的RDA分析
a.表层水浮游细菌菌群与环境因子的RDA分析; b.中层水浮游细菌菌群与环境因子的RDA分析; c.底层水浮游细菌菌群与水体环境因子的RDA分析; 圆点代表不同水体取样点, 直线箭头长度代表相关性的强弱, 菱形代表优势菌门
Fig. 5. The RDA analysis between planktonic bacterial flora and physicochemical proxies in different water layers of Dali-nor lake
表 1 取样点位置及水深情况
Table 1. Locations of sample sites and water depth changes in Dali-nor lake
点位 经度(°E) 纬度(°N) 水深(cm) DL-1 116.667 3 43.376 8 153 DL-2 116.627 1 43.356 4 525 DL-3 116.609 6 43.324 9 515 DL-4 116.661 9 43.322 2 675 DL-5 116.683 1 43.315 8 590 DL-6 116.633 3 43.312 1 680 DL-7 116.593 1 43.296 5 680 DL-8 116.651 3 43.285 2 700 DL-9 116.564 5 43.267 5 45 DL-10 116.693 2 43.266 7 430 DL-11 116.608 8 43.273 7 820 DL-12 116.583 5 43.249 8 720 DL-13 116.681 4 43.245 2 370 DL-14 116.501 1 43.238 6 718 DL-15 116.625 8 43.240 5 750 DL-16 116.599 9 43.233 3 720 DL-17 116.543 8 43.231 6 775 
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表 2 夏季达里湖不同深度水体环境因子的平均值
Table 2. Average values of physicochemical proxies in summer Dali-nor lake
TN(mg/L) TP(mg/L) DTP(mg/L) DIP(mg/L) WT(℃) SD(cm) DO(mg/L) EC(ms/cm) TDS(mg/L) 表层 4.01 1.97 1.79 1.71 20.24 33.35 6.87 938.24 469.29 中层 4.15 1.93 1.75 1.81 19.97 29.73 6.73 934.73 467.36 底层 4.05 1.94 1.78 1.80 20.20 31.73 6.68 929.53 464.80 注：平均值为每层水体所有取样点的平均值.黑体字代表平均值最高, 斜体字代表平均值最低.
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表 3 夏季达里湖浮游细菌垂向结构差异分析
Table 3. Analysis of vertical distribution of planktonic bacteria in summer Dali-nor lake
Shannon Simpson Chao Shannoneven Coverage 表层 3.933 0.062 635.022 0.625 0.997 9 中层 2.947 0.248 580.327 0.477 0.997 6 底层 3.466 0.148 658.841 0.536 0.997 1 注：黑体字代表平均值最高, 斜体字代表平均值最低.
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表 4 不同深度湖水门(纲)类水平上浮游细菌群落结构比例(%)
Table 4. Proportion of planktonic bacterial community structure at phylum (class) levels in different depths
门 Actinobacteria Proteobacteria Cyanobacteria 纲 αC Proteobacteria βC Proteobacteria γC Proteobacteria 表 24.70 23.30 5.84 6.96 11.95 中 21.06 15.05 3.18 38.68 8.54 底 24.77 20.00 3.77 22.48 8.82 门 Bacteroidetes Tenenricutes DeincoccusCThermus Verrucomicobia 纲 Bacteroidetes_Incertae_Sedis Flavobacteria Mollicutes Deinococci Spartobacteria 表 3.31 1.82 3.55 4.52 1.34 中 2.06 1.45 2.48 0.26 0.98 底 2.47 1.68 3.42 1.81 1.36 门 Firmicutes Planctomycetes Acidobacteria Chlorobi 纲 Bacilli Clostridia 表 1.35 1.01 1.35 2.15 1.52 中 0.39 0.13 1.11 0.09 1.09 底 0.92 0.52 1.27 1.46 1.04
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表 5 浮游细菌群落结构和理化指标的Mantel检验
Table 5. Mantel test for the bacterioplankton community structure and physicochemical proxies
表层 中层 底层 r p r p r p TN 0.243 0.047 0.318 0.031 -0.103 0.461 TP -0.140 0.383 -0.174 0.347 -0.138 0.450 DTP 0.214 0.116 0.407 0.020 -0.023 0.902 DIP 0.001 0.994 0.299 0.065 0.024 0.853 COD -0.076 0.594 0.007 0.978 0.054 0.777 Chl-a -0.041 0.790 0.007 0.957 -0.097 0.527 pH 0.129 0.349 0.011 0.951 -0.161 0.323 WT 0.167 0.132 0.011 0.975 0.104 0.534 SD -0.141 0.287 0.035 0.825 -0.125 0.424 EC 0.243 0.014 0.306 0.055 0.326 0.022 DO -0.111 0.451 0.137 0.489 -0.092 0.580 TDS 0.236 0.030 0.321 0.034 0.313 0.029 Depth 0.147 0.358 0.237 0.184 0.415 0.030
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