六盘水矿区关键带岩溶水水化学演化特征及驱动因子

叶慧君; 张瑞雪; 吴攀; 韩志伟; 查学芳; 李学先; 覃应机; 石金芳

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2019.201

六盘水矿区关键带岩溶水水化学演化特征及驱动因子

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.201

1.
中山大学环境科学与工程学院, 广东广州 510006
2.
贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵州贵阳 550025
3.
国土资源部喀斯特环境与地质灾害重点实验室, 贵州贵阳 550025

基金项目:

贵州省科技计划项目黔科合LH字[2016]7456

贵州省公益性基础性地质工作项目黔国土资地环函[2014]23号

贵州省科技计划项目黔科合平台人才[2016]5664

详细信息

作者简介:
叶慧君(1993-), 女, 博士研究生, 主要研究方向为环境地球化学

通讯作者:
张瑞雪

中图分类号: P641
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-06-27
- 刊出日期: 2019-09-15

Characteristics and Driving Factor of Hydrochemical Evolution in Karst Water in the Critical Zone of Liupanshui Mining Area

1.
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2.
College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geohazard, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guiyang 550025, China

摘要

摘要: 贵州六盘水矿区地表水－地下水交换频繁，是重要的生活和工、农业用水水源，为保障该地区用水安全和可持续性，以六盘水典型矿业集中开发区为研究对象，于2015年9月共采集水样33件.运用水化学、相关性分析和离子比值法等进行了综合研究，结果表明：地下水化学类型大多为Ca-HCO₃型，部分为Ca-SO₄型；地表水大多为Ca-HCO₃、Ca-SO₄型；矿井水为NaHCO₃，而酸性矿山排水为Ca-SO₄型.水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-呈显著正相关性，主要由碳酸盐岩溶解控制，Na⁺和K⁺主要为硅酸盐岩溶解，Cl^-主要来源于城镇生活污水，NO₃^-主要受农业生产影响，SO₄^2-来源多样.矿业活动、城镇化和农业生产影响了水体离子组成，矿业活动还会加速碳酸盐岩的溶解，三者使水体水化学类型发生明显变化.喀斯特岩溶关键带人类活动复合影响下，矿业活动是岩溶水系统中水化学特征变化的关键驱动因子.
- 喀斯特矿区 /
- 复合影响 /
- 水化学演化 /
- 驱动因子 /
- 水文地质
Abstract: The surface water and groundwater which are critical resources for daily life, industrial and agricultural production exchange frequently in Liupanshui mining area.To ensure the security and sustainability of water system in the karst critical zone, thirty-three water samples were collected from the typical Liupanshui mining area in September 2015. They were analyzed by using the methods of hydrochemistry, correlation analysis and ion ratios. The results show most groundwater hydrochemical type was CaHCO₃ type, and some was Ca-SO₄ type. Most surface water was Ca-HCO₃ type and Ca-SO₄ type. Differently, the mine waste water was Na-HCO₃ type and the acid mine waste water was Ca-SO₄ type. There was a significant positive correlation between Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃^- which was mainly controlled by reaction between water and carbonate, and some Na⁺ and K⁺ were controlled by reaction between water and silicate. The sources of Cl^- were mainly sewage, most of NO₃^- were affected by agricultural production, and SO₄^2- came from multiple sources. Mining activities, urbanization and agricultural production have affected the compositions of water ions, in addition mining activities have accelerated the dissolution of carbonate. These three factors have made significant changes in the hydrochemistry types. Under these compound influences affected by human activities, mining activities are the key driving factors for the changes of hydrochemical characteristics in water system of the karst critical zone.
- karst mining area /
- compound influence /
- hydrochemical evolution /
- driving factor /
- hydrogeology

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图 1 研究区地质图及采样点位

据贵州省水城县（G-48-42-D）和木果底（G-48-42-B），贵州省地质局第一水文地质工程地质大队测制，1964

Fig. 1. Geological map of the study area

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图 2 研究区水样piper三线图

Fig. 2. Piper diagram of water samples in the study area

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图 3 研究区各类型水体水化学类型空间分布

Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of the hydrochemical of samples in the study area

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图 4 研究区地下水（实心）和地表水（空心）阳离子、阴离子和TDS关系

Fig. 4. Cations vs. TDS and anions vs. TDS of groundwater (solid) and surface water (open)

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图 5 研究区水体主要离子组分关系

Fig. 5. Binary diagrams of the main major elements of samples

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图 6 研究区水体Ca²⁺/Na⁺-Mg²⁺/Na⁺关系（a）和Ca²⁺/Na⁺-HCO₃^–/Na⁺关系（b）

Fig. 6. Ca²⁺/Na⁺ vs. Mg²⁺/Na⁺ (a) and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ vs. HCO₃^–/Na⁺ (b) of samples

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图 7 研究区水体Na⁺-Cl^–关系（a）和NO₃^–/Na⁺-Cl^–/Na⁺关系（b）

Fig. 7. Na⁺ vs. Cl^– (a)and NO₃^–/Na⁺ vs. Cl^–/Na⁺ (b)of samples

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表 1 研究区基础水质数据

Table 1. Basic data of water quality in the study area

样品名称	样品类型	经度	纬度	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Na⁺	Mg²⁺	HCO₃^-	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-	F^-	TDS	pH	EC (μs/cm)	Eh (mV)	DO (mg/L)	T(℃)	备注
样品名称	样品类型	经度	纬度	（mg/L）										pH	EC (μs/cm)	Eh (mV)	DO (mg/L)	T(℃)	备注
M-S1	泉水	104.86°	26.62°	5.05	132.68	38.94	19.28	248.46	35.01	180.89	26.38	0.11	686.81	7.24	836	226	3.89	17.10	水源地保护点
M-S2	泉水	104.79°	26.69°	1.01	72.84	3.54	3.53	119.94	1.14	33.86	17.28	0.19	253.33	7.63	295	241	5.42	17.10	水源地保护点
M-S4	泉水	104.79°	26.70°	0.94	15.41	3.28	3.87	143.72	0.64	19.23	12.01	0.14	199.24	6.71	124	298	8.02	19.00	矿区A1附近
M-S6	泉水	104.85°	26.67°	4.34	76.27	5.24	16.32	197.05	4.42	59.07	35.29	0.19	398.17	7.87	487	223	7.93	18.10	居民区非生活用水
M-S7	泉水	104.85°	26.69°	4.19	143.81	15.06	40.15	250.60	14.52	162.45	141.32	0.23	772.34	7.45	945	240	3.67	18.20	农业区
M-S8	泉水	104.85°	26.69°	2.39	83.84	2.51	18.85	291.29	1.65	50.08	20.66	0.01	471.28	7.78	572	258	6.92	19.40	农业区
M-S10	泉水	104.85°	26.69°	5.88	79.38	9.80	8.07	235.60	3.99	58.55	35.20	0.30	436.77	7.74	529	214	7.74	17.80	居民区生活用水
M-S13	泉水	104.86°	26.63°	11.84	81.00	14.53	9.88	115.66	8.55	86.08	54.77	0.16	382.47	8.07	507	219	5.61	19.40	农业区
M-S14	泉水	104.85°	26.62°	0.15	10.05	6.34	3.89	8.57	0.03	18.86	19.08	0.08	67.06	7.57	105	266	7.80	18.40	自然保护区
M-S3	井水	104.79°	26.71°	0.95	55.18	6.72	7.81	162.78	0.56	26.78	8.19	0.43	269.39	7.88	309	204	6.71	19.60	水源地保护点深层地下水
M-S5	井水	104.76°	26.71°	2.48	82.65	7.58	3.27	137.08	5.29	76.34	19.98	0.09	334.76	7.76	425	206	8.18	19.80	矿区生活用水
M-S9	井水	104.85°	26.69°	3.55	102.46	9.83	53.63	346.98	7.85	93.84	75.09	0.78	694.03	7.59	805	238	4.72	18.40	居民区生活用水
M-S12	井水	104.84°	26.63°	10.54	78.64	116.42	15.07	214.19	56.89	204.35	50.52	0.16	746.77	6.98	993	237	3.69	18.80	矿区非饮用水
M-S15	井水	104.87°	26.62°	1.82	68.87	8.78	8.69	171.35	2.56	58.07	15.33	0.07	335.56	7.54	451	156	2.44	18.30	居民区非生活用水
M-S16	井水	104.86°	26.64°	2.79	60.90	18.85	8.98	171.35	1.40	69.63	1.69	0.11	335.70	7.52	402	222	1.89	18.00	农业区
M-S17	井水	104.86°	26.64°	5.48	70.83	10.43	9.38	205.62	3.78	37.26	12.13	0.20	335.10	7.45	425	228	2.44	19.40	农业区
M-S18	井水	104.86°	26.64°	6.83	58.21	2.51	13.78	179.92	0.71	29.59	18.53	0.22	310.30	7.68	366	223	7.14	18.60	农业区
M-S11	地下河水	104.86°	26.69°	3.11	71.14	4.09	12.55	175.63	1.95	40.90	18.44	0.17	327.98	7.84	394	212	7.54	22.40	山体地下暗河出水
均值	--	--	--	4.07	74.68	15.80	14.28	187.54	8.39	72.55	32.33	0.20	408.73	7.57	498	228	5.65	18.77	--
标准差	--	--	--	3.20	32.30	26.53	13.08	74.71	14.63	55.49	32.81	0.17	195.94	0.33	252	29	2.19	1.20	--
M-R1	河水	104.79°	26.71°	2.74	36.23	22.27	10.64	68.54	3.81	86.43	27.53	0.31	258.50	8.30	351	195	7.46	19.40	流经农业区
M-R2	河水	104.79°	26.71°	2.08	49.65	7.60	8.17	64.26	1.23	95.25	12.05	0.23	240.52	8.72	337	177	8.11	19.70	流经农业区
M-R3	河水	104.80°	26.70°	3.10	64.34	36.41	13.43	98.53	3.66	180.85	2.64	1.18	404.12	7.55	566	254	6.80	19.40	矿区生活污水混合煤矿水
M-R4	河水	104.80°	26.69°	4.28	63.52	84.01	10.14	244.17	20.79	124.38	19.36	0.22	570.88	8.11	725	194	7.68	19.40	矿区“黑”水
M-R5	河水	104.80°	26.70°	4.74	62.12	221.49	13.48	441.22	91.92	150.83	11.91	0.40	998.11	8.40	1207	161	7.42	20.40	矿区“黑”水
M-R6	河水	104.78°	26.69°	1.76	69.74	9.37	8.40	141.36	2.95	73.55	11.73	0.14	319.02	7.78	402	164	6.95	19.00	流经城镇生活区
M-R7	河水	104.80°	26.69°	1.81	69.61	15.78	7.89	167.92	3.94	74.89	17.16	0.22	359.22	7.84	408	208	5.05	19.60	流经城镇生活区
M-R8	河水	104.83°	26.67°	1.72	67.65	17.53	7.85	141.36	3.90	76.80	14.43	0.19	331.43	8.03	417	207	8.16	20.00	流经城镇生活区
M-R9	河水	104.86	26.69	2.06	68.11	16.28	7.91	149.93	4.10	74.72	12.79	0.52	336.43	7.97	418	178	7.85	23.40	流经山区
M-R10	河水	104.85°	26.63°	8.64	101.28	24.92	11.99	175.63	18.58	131.65	25.10	0.29	498.07	8.01	649	205	5.05	20.40	流经城镇生活区
M-R11	河水	104.83°	26.66°	9.13	85.55	121.68	13.03	325.56	29.55	172.27	18.59	0.45	775.80	8.10	1000	215	7.16	21.60	城镇区黑臭水
M-R12	河水	104.86°	26.62°	10.69	104.23	35.56	11.95	162.78	54.74	153.25	18.59	0.49	552.28	8.05	716	219	6.03	20.80	城镇区黑臭水
均值	--	--	--	4.40	70.17	51.07	10.41	181.77	19.93	116.24	15.99	0.39	470.37	8.07	600	198	6.98	20.26	--
标准差	--	--	--	3.25	19.29	63.46	2.31	108.84	27.66	40.81	6.63	0.28	226.43	0.30	276	26	1.08	1.23	--
M-W1	矿井水	104.84°	26.64°	9.36	25.90	553.35	7.91	942.42	179.05	141.60	5.25	0.78	1865.60	8.48	2130	156	4.87	14.80	矿区矿井原水
M-W2	矿井水	104.84°	26.64°	5.25	49.87	453.45	6.54	663.98	190.93	118.92	3.13	0.22	1492.30	8.25	1815	200	6.45	19.90	矿区处理出水
均值	--	--	--	7.30	37.88	503.40	7.23	803.20	184.99	130.26	4.19	0.50	1678.95	8.36	1973	178	5.66	17.35	--
标准差	--	--	--	2.91	16.95	70.64	0.97	196.89	8.40	16.04	1.50	0.39	263.96	0.17	223	31	1.12	3.61	--
M-A1	矿山水	104.79°	26.70°	1.19	99.87	9.32	40.31	0.00	0.19	671.05	7.07	0.49	829.48	3.82	1232	460	7.83	19.10	酸性矿山排水
注：S表示地下水，R表示地表水，W表示矿井水，A表示酸性矿山废水，--表示无此项内容.

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表 2 研究区地下水各离子相关性

Table 2. Correlation matrix between groundwater chemical variables

变量	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺+K⁺	HCO₃^-	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-	F^-	TDS	pH	EC	Eh	DO	T
Ca²⁺	1
Mg²⁺	0.647**	1
Na⁺+K⁺	0.238	0.092	1
HCO₃^-	0.681**	0.759*	0.170	1
Cl^-	0.435	0.226	0.945**	0.279	1
SO₄^2-	0.725**	0.473*	0.473*	0.780**	0.897**	1
NO₃^-	0.657**	0.756**	0.213	0.416	0.323	0.597**	1
F^-	0.201	0.646**	-0.069	0.476*	-0.047	0.023	0.347	1
TDS	0.851**	0.757**	0.757**	0.783**	0.715**	0.886**	0.713**	0.310	1
pH	0.121	-0.019	-0.449	-0.076	-0.482*	-0.341	-0.027	0.123	-0.210	1
EC	0.847*	0.702**	0.642**	0.722*	0.754*	0.910**	0.697**	0.246	0.988**	-0.155	1
Eh	-0.281	0.085	0.004	-0.055	0.032	-0.063	0.106	-0.028	-0.059	-0.494*	-0.138	1
DO	-0.396	-0.268	-0.379	-0.282	-0.359	-0.466	-0.185	-0.019	-0.426	0.272	-0.461	0.303	1
T	-0.206	-0.122	-0.113	-0.093	-0.189	-0.266	-0.152	-0.050	-0.212	0.261	-0.199	-0.096	0.317	1
注：*表示在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关；表示在0.05水平（双侧）上显著相关.

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表 3 研究区地表水各离子相关性

Table 3. Correlation matrix between surface water chemical variables

变量	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺+K⁺	HCO₃^–	Cl^–	SO₄^2–	NO₃^–	F^–	TDS	pH	EC	Eh	DO	T
Ca²⁺	1
Mg²⁺	0.313	1
Na⁺+K⁺	0.062	0.660*	1
HCO₃^–	0.251	0.507	0.939**	1
Cl^–	0.310	0.629*	0.860**	0.812**	1
SO₄^2–	0.411	0.928**	0.586*	0.459	0.548	1
NO₃^–	0.143	0.003	-0.053	0.001	0.023	-0.177	1
F^–	0.069	0.575	0.096	-0.066	0.051	0.650*	-0.549	1
TDS	0.343	0.714**	0.958**	0.957**	0.890**	0.675*	-0.003	0.116	1
pH	-0.351	-0.065	0.277	0.148	0.292	-0.108	0.301	-0.456	0.144	1
EC	0.359	0.767**	0.947**	0.928**	0.875**	0.739**	-0.008	-0.172	0.995**	0.140	1
Eh	0.317	0.394	-0.206	-0.262	-0.209	0.528	-0.101	0.661*	-0.086	-0.540	-0.028	1
DO	-0.612*	-0.224	0.129	-0.005	-0.072	-0.176	-0.284	-0.047	-0.069	0.438	-0.057	-0.355	1
T	0.340	0.022	0.146	0.251	0.175	0.069	0.016	0.168	0.226	0.032	0.222	-0.083	0.121	1
注：*表示在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关；表示在0.05水平（双侧）上显著相关.

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表 4 研究区地下水矿物的饱和指数

Table 4. Mineral saturation indices of groundwater in the study area

样品名称	方解石	白云石	萤石	石膏	硬石膏	盐岩	霰石
M-S1	0.16	-0.27	-2.62	-1.19	-1.44	-7.45	0.01
M-S2	0.10	-0.88	-2.27	-1.99	-2.23	-9.94	-0.05
M-S3	0.39	0.22	-1.74	-2.2	-2.44	-9.97	0.25
M-S4	-1.34	-3.01	-3.42	-2.79	-3.03	-10.21	-1.49
M-S5	0.35	-0.43	-2.97	-1.63	-1.86	-8.96	0.20
M-S6	0.54	0.66	-2.35	-1.80	-2.04	-9.2	0.39
M-S7	0.40	0.51	-2.06	-1.26	-1.50	-8.26	0.25
M-S8	0.67	0.96	-4.81	-1.85	-2.09	-9.95	0.52
M-S9	0.57	1.11	-1.12	-1.61	-1.85	-8.70	0.42
M-S10	0.50	0.26	-1.92	-1.78	-2.02	-8.97	0.35
M-S11	0.51	0.58	-2.51	-1.96	-2.19	-9.67	0.36
M-S12	-0.37	-1.19	-2.58	-1.35	-1.59	-6.77	-0.52
M-S13	0.54	0.44	-2.51	-1.62	-1.86	-8.47	0.39
M-S14	-1.87	-3.88	-3.84	-2.93	-3.41	-11.21	-2.01
M-S15	0.13	-0.38	-3.21	-1.81	-2.05	-9.2	-0.02
M-S16	0.05	-0.47	-2.90	-1.78	-2.02	-9.13	-0.09
M-S17	0.15	-0.31	-2.34	-1.99	-2.23	-8.96	0.00
M-S18	0.24	0.11	-2.31	-2.16	-2.40	-10.3	0.09

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参考文献(38)

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