Formation Age, Geochemical Signatures and Geological Significance of the Hejiao Iron Deposit, Inner Mongolia
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摘要: 内蒙古合教铁矿位于华北克拉通西部陆块北缘阴山地块，是固阳绿岩带内的一例具有中型规模的BIF型铁矿床.本文对矿区斜长角闪岩、铁矿石开展了年代学和岩石地球化学研究.对斜长角闪岩夹层进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年，锆石普遍发育振荡环带，Th/U比值均大于0.1（0.27~1.00），得到上交点年龄为2 549±29 Ma（MSWD=0.51），可大致代表合教BIF铁矿的形成时代，该时期是华北克拉通早寒武纪构造-变质-热事件和BIF（banded iron formation）形成最为强烈的时期（2.52~2.60 Ga）.斜长角闪岩原岩可能为玄武岩，表明合教铁矿为与火山活动关系密切的Algoma型BIF.斜长角闪岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线近于平坦，与E-MORB和弧后盆地玄武岩（BABB）曲线相似，原始地幔标准化蛛网图与BABB曲线相似，均存在Rb、Ba、Sr、K等大离子亲石元素的富集和Nb、Ta、U、Th等高场强元素的亏损，显示了岛弧岩浆岩的特征，结合前人提出的岛弧叠加地幔柱构造模式，认为合教斜长角闪岩原岩形成于弧后盆地构造环境，并有地幔柱的叠加作用，代表了合教BIF沉积时的构造环境.铁矿石LREE亏损，HREE富集[（La/Yb）PAAS=0.29~0.50]，具有轻微的La正异常（La/La*=1.00~1.13），不明显的Ce负异常（Ce/Ce*=0.90~0.95），明显的Eu正异常（Eu/Eu*=1.54~2.27）和较明显的Y正异常（Y/Y*=1.07~1.42）.铁矿石的稀土配分曲线与固阳绿岩带科马提岩和海底热液海水混合物均极为相似，表明合教BIF的形成与海底热液活动有关，认为合教BIF型铁矿的Fe主要由海底高温热液淋滤科马提岩提供.Abstract: The Hejiao iron deposit in Inner Mongolia, which is located in the Yinshan block on the northern margin of western block of the North China craton, is a medium-sized BIF-type iron deposit in the Guyang greenstone belt. Geochronology and petrogeochemistry of amphibolite and iron ore were studied in this paper. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from the amphibolites interlayer shows that cores of the zircons characterized by core-rim texture and with a Th/U ratio of higher than 0.1(0.27-1.00) have an upper intercept age of 2 549±29 Ma(MSWD=0.51), which is approximately the depositional age of the Hejiao BIF-type iron deposit, during which widespread tectonic-tectonothermal event and most BIFs occurrence took place at the Early Cambrian of North China craton. A protolith reconstruction shows that the protolith of amphibolites is basalt, indicating that Hejiao iron deposit belongs to Algoma-type BIF closely related to volcanic activities. The chondrite-normalized REE pattern of amphibolites is nearly flat, similar to those of E-MORB and back-arc basin basalts (BABB). Primitive mantle-normalized trace element pattern of amphibolites is similar to back-arc basin basalts (BABB), showing enrichment in LILEs such as Rb, Ba, Sr, K, and depletion in HFSEs such as Nb, Ta, U, Th, similar to the characteristics of island arc magmatic rocks. Combining the model of island arc-mantle plume interaction for the Guyang greenstone belt, it is speculated that the amohibolites were formed in a tectonic setting of back-arc basin, accompanied by mantle plume, which implies the tectonic environment of the Hejiao BIF. The characteristics of the iron ores include the depletion of LREE, enrichment of HREE[(La/Yb)PAAS=0.29-0.50], slightly positive La anomaly(La/La*=1.00-1.13), strongly positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*=1.54-2.27), positive Y anomaly(Y/Y*=1.07-1.42), and no distinct Ce anomalies(Ce/Ce*=0.90-0.95).Based on the similar signatures to the komatiite at bottom of the Guyang greenstone belt and the mixture of high-temperature hydrothermal fluid and seawater, it is inferred that Fe of the Hejiao BIF-type iron deposit was supplied through the high-temperature hydrothermal leaching of komatiites.
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Key words:
- BIF-type iron deposit /
- U-Pb dating of zircons /
- geochemistry /
- North China craton /
- Hejiao
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图 1 内蒙古固阳地区早前寒武纪地质简图
a据Zhao et al.(2005)修改；b据马旭东等(2013)修改
Fig. 1. Simplified Precambrian geological map of the Guyang area, Inner Mongolia
图 2 合教铁矿区域地质图和矿区地质图
据内蒙古大中矿业有限责任公司，2005.内蒙古自治区固阳县合教铁矿南区详查报告修改.内蒙古
Fig. 2. Regional geological map of Hejiao and geological map of Hejiao iron deposit
图 3 合教矿区铁矿石与斜长角闪岩野外及镜下特征
a.产于铁矿体夹层的斜长角闪岩；b.斜长角闪岩主要由斜长石与角闪石组成，含少量磁铁矿(正交偏光)；c.条带状铁矿石；d.条带状铁矿石由磁铁矿与石英组成(反射光)；e.铁矿石中不规则状嵌布的黄铁矿(反射光)；f.铁矿石中分布的黄铁矿、赤铁矿和黄铜矿(反射光)
Fig. 3. The field and microscopic characteristics of iron ores and amphibolites in the Hejiao deposit
图 4 合教铁矿10号勘查线剖面图
据内蒙古大中矿业有限责任公司，2005.内蒙古自治区固阳县合教铁矿南区详查报告修改.内蒙古
Fig. 4. Cross-section map of No.10 prospecting line of Hejiao iron deposit
图 5 MgO与SiO2、FeO、Al2O3、TiO2、Cr、Ni的相关性变化
Fig. 5. Variation diagrams of MgO vs. SiO2, FeO, Al2O3, TiO2, Cr and Ni for the amphibolites
图 6 斜长角闪岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图(a)与微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(b)
球粒陨石和原始地幔标准化值据Sun and McDonough(1989)；BABB数据据杨婧等(2016)；N-MORB和E-MORB数据据Sun and McDonough(1989)
Fig. 6. Chondrite-normalized REE (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns (b) of amphibolites
图 7 合教铁矿斜长角闪岩的锆石阴极发光图
Fig. 7. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircons selected from amphibolite in the Hejiao iron deposit
图 8 合教铁矿斜长角闪岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄一致曲线图
Fig. 8. U-Pb concordia diagram for zircons of the amphibolite from the Hejiao iron deposit
图 9 斜长角闪岩原岩恢复图解
底图分别据Tarney(1976)；周世泰(1984)；Winchester and Floyd(1977)；Miyashiro(1974)
Fig. 9. Diagrams for protolith reconstruction of amphibolites
图 10 合教铁矿斜长角闪岩的TiO2-MnO-P2O5(a)、Ti-Zr-Sr (b)、Nb-Zr-Y (c)和Y-La-Nb (d)图解
a据Mullen(1983)；b据Pearce and Cann(1973)；c据Meschede(1986)；d据Cabanis and Lecolle(1989)
Fig. 10. Plots of TiO2-MnO-P2O5 (a), Ti-Zr-Sr (b), Nb-Zr-Y (c) and Y-La-Nb (d) from amphibolites in the Hejiao iron deposit
图 11 合教铁矿石稀土元素PAAS标准化图(a)与球粒陨石标准化配分图(b)
图a中热液数据据Bau and Dulski(1999)；海水数据据Bolhar et al.(2004)；混合溶液数据据Dymek and Klein(1988)；PASS标准化值据McLennan(1989)；图b中Ⅰ和Ⅱ类型玄武质科马提岩数据据陈亮(2007)；球粒陨石标准化值据Sun and McDonough(1989)
Fig. 11. PASS-normalized REE (a) and chondrite-normalized REE (b) patterns for the ores of Hejiao iron deposit
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