自然材料与地球科学

马岳韬; 高平平

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2019.955

自然材料与地球科学

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.955

马岳韬^1,,
高平平^2, ,

1.
西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院, 四川成都, 611756
2.
西南交通大学地球科学与环境工程学院, 四川成都, 611756

详细信息

作者简介:
马岳韬(1998-), 男, 本科, 材料科学与工程

通讯作者:
高平平

中图分类号: P968
计量
- 文章访问数: 4857
- HTML全文浏览量: 1725
- PDF下载量: 64
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-01-30
- 刊出日期: 2019-07-15

Natural Materials and Earth Sciences

Ma Yuetao^1
,,
Gao Pingping^{2
, ,}

1.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
2.
Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China

摘要

摘要: 地球是一个由无机材料、有机材料和生物材料组成的巨型系统，也是一个运行了46亿年的材料合成与加工的巨型工厂，蕴含了丰富的材料组成、结构、性能、制备工艺和使役等一体化信息.如何向大自然学习，获得大自然的材料密码，以提高人类对新材料的预测能力和制造能力，是材料科学值得关注的新方向.本文系统综述了地球系统中元素、自然矿物材料、自然生物材料的种类和分布，阐述了自然界普遍存在而稳定的核壳复合结构以及超浸润性的表面结构，总结了分选与压实、熔铸与烧结、冷凝与烘烤等自然材料的加工工艺，初步搭建自然材料学的研究构架，为自然材料信息库的建设提供参考.
- 自然材料 /
- 地球系统 /
- 分类 /
- 结构 /
- 工艺 /
- 矿物
Abstract: The Earth is a giant system composed of inorganic materials, organic materials and biological materials and a huge factory for material synthesis and processing that has been running for 4.6 billion years. It contains abundant integrated information of material compositions, structural properties, preparation processes and services. It has become a new research field worthy of attention in material science to learn from nature and obtain the key codes of natural materials to improve the prediction ability and manufacturing ability of new materials. In this study, the types and distribution of elements, natural mineral and natural biological material of Earth system were systematically summarized, and the core-shell structure in different scales and superwettability surface structure in different types in nature were discussed. In addition, the preparation and processing technologies of natural inorganic materials, such as separation and compaction, casting and sintering, condensation and baking, were analyzed. The research framework of Natural Materialogy was preliminarily established. The results of this study will provide a reference for the construction of natural materials database on Earth.
- natural materials /
- Earth system /
- classification /
- structure /
- processing technologies /
- minerals

HTML全文

图 1 主量子数（n）=4、角量子数（l）=3、磁量子数（m）=1状态下的氢原子形状

据吴国玢等（2014）

Fig. 1. Electronium density of hydrogen atom in state n=4, l=3 and m=1

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 合成核壳型磁性纳米Fe₃O₄@MPS⁃SiO₂@PNIPAM粒子示意

据Deng et al., (2003)

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the preparation of magnetic PNIPAM microspheres

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 荷叶表面疏水的乳突微观形貌

a.随机分布的凸起结构；b.单个微米级凸起结构；c.表面纳米级蜡丝；据Koch et al.（2008）

Fig. 3. Images of a superhydrophobic lotus leaves with self-cleaning properties at different magnifications

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 月季花瓣与竹材表面亲水的形态

宋剑刚等（2017）；a.花瓣上的水滴；b.花瓣背面上的水滴；c.竹材上的稀盐酸、水、氢氧化钠液滴；d.竖直竹块上的水滴；e.翻转竹材上的EVA乳液

Fig. 4. Shape of droplets on hydrophilic surface of Chinese rose and bamboo specimen

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 超浸润体系中的64种润湿状态

据Liu et al.（2017）

Fig. 5. Overview of the different wetting states (combined and individual) those are possible in superwettability systems

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 碎屑物风化－剥蚀－搬运－沉积－成岩过程及影响因素

据胡修棉（2017）

Fig. 6. Main steps in sediment evolution and principal processes that modify the composition of clastic sediments along the pathway from source area to sedimentary basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 松辽盆地北部沙河子组砂砾岩储层成岩作用与孔隙定量演化关系模式

据郝杰等（2018）

Fig. 7. Relationship between diagenesis and pore evolution of sandy conglomerate reservoirs in Shahezi Formation, northern Songliao basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 泥岩压实作用及孔隙度演化示意

据Bjørlykke（1998）、李超和罗晓容（2017）；σ_v为静岩压力；P为孔隙压力；σ_e为有效应力；σ_e=σ_v‒P

Fig. 8. Schematic representation of mudstone compaction and porosity evolution

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 地球内部的结构和主要物质成分

据周春银和金振民（2014）

Fig. 9. The main components and structure of Earth interior

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 谢氏超晶石晶体结构示意

据陈鸣等（2012）

Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of the crystal structure of Xieite

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图 11 内含钙硅酸盐钙钛矿（黄色）的金刚石的阴极发光图和δ¹³C值（红色）

据Nestola et al.（2018）

Fig. 11. Cathodoluminescence image and carbon isotopic composition (red circles) of the diamond containing the Ca-Pv inclusion (yellow)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 后钙钛矿结构的MgSiO₃

据张苑和舒良树（2010）；图中为Mg原子和SiO₆八面体，实验压力120 GPa

Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of the crystal structure for the Past-peroveskite phase of MgSiO₃

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 矿物种数目统计结果

Table 1. Mineral species in mineral database of CAGS

矿物种名称	矿物种数目
元素（包括合金）	171
硫化物（包括硫盐）	850
卤化物	165
氧化物（包括SO₃, SeO₃, AsO₃, TeO₃, IO₃）	596
碳酸盐（包括硝酸盐）	228
硼酸盐	136
硫酸盐（包括铬酸盐）	338
钨酸盐（包括钼酸盐）	28
硅酸盐（包括锗酸盐）	1 140
磷酸盐（包括砷酸盐，钒酸盐)	712
有机物	35
注：数据来源于中国地质科学院全球矿物基础数据库(http://210.73.59.163/mineral/).

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 自然生物材料总览

Table 2. Biomaterials in nature

天然纤维	植物纤维（纤维素）	种子纤维：棉、木棉等叶纤维：剑麻、蕉麻等茎纤维：苎麻、亚麻、大麻、黄麻等
	木质纤维（纤维素、半纤维素和木质素）	乔木类，灌木类，藤木类，匍匐类
	矿物纤维（无机金属硅酸盐类）	石棉
	甲壳素纤维（甲壳素）	节肢动物（虾、蟹等壳；昆虫纲，如蝗、蝶、蚊、蚕等蛹壳）；软体动物（石鳖，鲍，蜗牛，乌贼、鹦鹉）；环节动物（沙蚕，蚯蚓和蛭纲如蚂蟥等）；原生动物（锥体虫，变形虫，草履虫等）；肛肠动物（水螅、筒螅，珊瑚虫纲等）；海藻；真菌；动物的关节、蹄、足的坚硬部分
生物矿物	磷酸钙类、碳酸钙类、硅石类	贝壳、骨骼、牙齿等
生物体组织	表皮组织（氨基酸、角蛋白等）	植物表皮、动物皮肤等
结构蛋白	蛋白质	毛发类：绵羊毛、山羊毛、骆驼毛、兔毛、牦牛毛等腺分泌物：桑蚕丝、柞蚕丝等鸟类羽毛、鱼类鳞片、昆虫翅膀等
注：据贾贤（2007）.

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 各大陆剥蚀速率、降雨量、面积和平均高度

Table 3. Erosion rate, precipitation, area and average elevation of different continents

大陆	面积(M km²)	剥蚀速率		降雨量(mm/a)	平均高度（m）
		（t/(m²·Ma)）
		机械	化学
亚洲	51.7	310.0	36.7	410	741
非洲	30.2	17.5	26.8	290	623
北美洲	26.7	88.0	32.9	220	499
南美洲	20.1	57.0	30.7	420	523
欧洲	12.8	27.0	44.2	270	202
澳洲	11.1	26.5	2.7	60	243
总平		64.2	31.6	317	565
注：据杨坤光和马昌前(1996)

下载: 导出CSV

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