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    三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水资源量变化

    贺秋华 余德清 余姝辰 李长安 罗伟奇 杨柳 邹娟

    贺秋华, 余德清, 余姝辰, 李长安, 罗伟奇, 杨柳, 邹娟, 2021. 三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水资源量变化. 地球科学, 46(1): 293-307. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.056
    引用本文: 贺秋华, 余德清, 余姝辰, 李长安, 罗伟奇, 杨柳, 邹娟, 2021. 三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水资源量变化. 地球科学, 46(1): 293-307. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.056
    He Qiuhua, Yu Deqing, Yu Shuchen, Li Chang'an, Luo Weiqi, Yang Liu, Zou Juan, 2021. Changes of Water Resources amount in Dongting Lake before and after the Operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Earth Science, 46(1): 293-307. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.056
    Citation: He Qiuhua, Yu Deqing, Yu Shuchen, Li Chang'an, Luo Weiqi, Yang Liu, Zou Juan, 2021. Changes of Water Resources amount in Dongting Lake before and after the Operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Earth Science, 46(1): 293-307. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.056

    三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水资源量变化

    doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.056
    基金项目: 

    国家自然科学基金项目 41871019

    国家自然科学基金项目 41672356

    湖南省自然资源厅“洞庭湖生态经济区地理国情监测”项目 HNPCA2014-1

    湖南省自然资源厅“洞庭湖生态经济区地理国情监测”项目 NGQJC2015-01

    湖南省自然资源厅“洞庭湖生态经济区地理国情监测”项目 GJGQJC2016-04

    湖南省自然资源厅“洞庭湖生态经济区地理国情监测”项目 HNGQJC2017-13

    湖南省自然资源厅“洞庭湖生态经济区地理国情监测”项目 HNJCCH-2018-13

    湖南省自然资源厅“洞庭湖生态经济区地理国情监测”项目 HNZRZYJC-2019-02

    “洞庭湖区生态环境变化遥感研究”项目 2018-10

    详细信息
      作者简介:

      贺秋华(1981-), 男, 高级工程师, 主要从事资源环境遥感研究.ORCID:0000-0002-5717-6846.E-mail:hqhhnrs@hotmail.com

      通讯作者:

      余德清, ORCID:0000-0003-0315-4112.E-mail:973272235@qq.com

    • 中图分类号: P641.6

    Changes of Water Resources amount in Dongting Lake before and after the Operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir

    • 摘要: 为研究三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水资源量变化情况,通过利用1994-2019年165个时相的多平台中高分辨率(15~30 m)卫星遥感数据,城陵矶多年日观测水位数据和洞庭湖区降水量、蒸发量等资料,采用掩膜处理、K-Means聚类分析提取水面信息,结合观测数据进行统计分析,研究了1994年以来洞庭湖水面面积与湖容变化情况.结果表明:三峡水库运行后洞庭湖年均水面面积由1 077.46 km2减少到857.13 km2,减幅达20.45%,但是2011年后当城陵矶水位大于26.34 m时水面有所增加;三峡水库对下泄量的调控在缓解洞庭湖洪涝灾害隐患的同时,也使得低枯水位提前1个月,且对洞庭湖枯水期的补给水量极其有限;三峡水库运行后洞庭湖湖容明显减小,且当城陵矶水位越高时,洞庭湖湖容减幅越大;当水位小于20 m时三峡水库运行前后两个时段的湖容逐渐接近.洞庭湖水资源量变化主要受出入湖径流影响,"四水"径流是影响洞庭湖水资源量的主要因素,"三口"径流的减少也对洞庭湖水资源量的变化起着重要作用.同时,湖区年均降水量的减少和蒸发量的增加也是引起洞庭湖水资源量减少的原因之一.研究成果为三峡工程运行后治湖思路调整、洞庭湖区水资源保护和长江流域生态修复提供了客观资料.

       

    • 图  1  洞庭湖区通江湖泊与垸内湖泊分布

      Fig.  1.  Distribution map of lake connecting to the Yangtze River and inner embankment in Dongting Lake area

      图  2  1994—2019年洞庭湖水位与水面面积变化关系

      Fig.  2.  Relationship between water level and surface area of Dongting Lake from 1994 to 2019

      图  3  三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水面面积-水位关系曲线

      Fig.  3.  Relationship curve between water surface area-water level of Dongting Lake before and after operation of Three Gorges Reservoir

      图  4  三峡水库运行后不同时段洞庭湖水面面积-水位关系曲线

      Fig.  4.  Relationship curve between water surface area-water level of Dongting Lake in different periods after operation of Three Gorges Reservoir

      图  5  1994—2019年洞庭湖水面面积年际变化

      Fig.  5.  Inter-annual change in water surface area of Dongting Lake during 1994 to 2019

      图  6  三峡水库运行前后月均水面面积变化曲线

      Fig.  6.  Change curve of monthly average water surface area before and after operation of Three Gorges Reservoir

      图  7  三峡水库运行前后特征水面面积变化曲线

      Fig.  7.  Change curve of characteristic water surface area before and after operation of Three Gorges Reservoir

      图  8  底水水面与水下DEM套合图

      Fig.  8.  Bottom water surface and underwater DEM superposition map

      图  9  漫滩湖容求算原理示意图

      Fig.  9.  Schematic diagram of flood plain and lake capacity calculation

      图  10  三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖湖容与城陵矶水位关系曲线

      Fig.  10.  Relation curve between lake capacity and water level of Chenglingji before and after operation of Three Gorges Reservoir

      图  11  洞庭湖年均出入径流量变化

      Fig.  11.  Change of annual inflow and outflow of Dongting Lake

      表  1  三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖特征水位下的湖容对比

      Table  1.   Comparison of lake capacity under characteristic water level of Dongting Lake before and after operation of Three Gorges

      1994.5—2003.6 2003.7—2019.10 湖容增减 2003.7—2010.12 2011.1—2019.10 湖容增减 备注
      水位 湖容 水位 湖容 水位 湖容 水位 湖容
      18.77 3.42 18.77 3.42 无变化 18.77 3.42 18.77 3.42 无变化 底水水位,公式不适应
      21.49 16.89 21.62 13.66 -3.23 21.62 13.87 21.62 13.77 -0.10 枯水期平均水位及其湖容
      24.78 41.16 24.51 32.17 -8.99 24.51 32.65 24.51 32.49 -0.16 平水期平均水位及其湖容
      25.49 48.35 25.00 36.23 -12.12 25.00 36.73 25.00 36.55 -0.18 各时段平均水位及其湖容
      29.75 109.37 28.70 77.45 -31.92 28.70 77.90 28.70 78.11 0.21 洪水期平均水位及其湖容
      32.50 164.73 32.50 139.77 -24.96 32.50 138.89 32.50 141.51 2.62 洞庭湖警戒水位及其湖容
      33.50 187.36 33.50 159.06 -28.30 33.50 157.46 33.50 161.29 3.83 洞庭湖防汛水位及其湖容
      35.94 246.03 35.94 209.47 -36.56 35.94 205.15 35.94 213.34 8.19 历史最高水位及其湖容
      注:水位单位为m;湖容单位为108 m3.
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  2  1994—2018年洞庭湖年均径流量出入对比

      Table  2.   Comparison of annual inflow and outflow of Dongting Lake from 1994 to 2018

      年均出入径流量 三峡水库运行前后
      (1994—2018)
      三峡水库运行前
      (1994—2003)
      三峡水库运行后
      (2004—2018)
      三峡水库运行后
      出入径流减少量
      减少幅度
      (%)
      三口年均入湖径流 524.21 596.97 487.71 109.26 18.30
      四水年均入湖径流 1 704.46 1 870.61 1 593.69 276.92 14.80
      年均入湖径流总量 2 211.97 2 467.58 2 081.40 386.18 15.65
      城陵矶年均出湖径流 2 583.00 2 886.00 2 381.00 505.00 17.50
      注:湖容单位为108 m3.
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  3  三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖区年均降水量变化

      Table  3.   Change of annual precipitation in Dongting Lake area before and after operation of Three Gorges

      水文站 时间段 三峡水库运行前(1994—2003) 三峡水库运行后(2003—2018) 减小量 减小幅度(%)
      鹿角 4~8月份 950.32 809.55 140.77 14.81
      其他月份 487.82 451.12 36.70 7.52
      年均降水量 1 438.14 1 260.67 177.47 12.34
      沅江 4~8月份 888.73 790.48 98.25 11.06
      其他月份 479.63 449.79 29.84 6.22
      年均降水量 1 368.36 1 240.27 128.09 9.36
      石龟山 4~8月份 890.27 838.42 51.85 5.82
      其他月份 420.62 409.74 10.88 2.59
      年均降水量 1 310.89 1 248.16 62.73 4.79
      自治局 4~8月份 865.12 854.44 10.68 1.23
      其他月份 391.25 390.07 1.18 0.30
      年均降水量 1 256.37 1 244.51 11.86 0.94
      平均降水量 4~8月份 898.61 823.22 75.39 8.39
      其他月份 444.83 425.18 19.65 4.42
      年均降水量 1 343.44 1 288.40 95.04 7.07
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  4  三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖区年均蒸发量变化

      Table  4.   Change of annual average evaporation in Dongting Lake area before and after operation of Three Gorges

      气象站 时间段 三峡水库运行前(1994—2003) 三峡水库运行后(2003—2018) 变化量 变化幅度
      湘阴 4~8月份 570.23 600.42 30.19 5.29%
      其他月份 245.21 261.19 15.98 6.52%
      年均蒸发量 815.44 861.61 46.17 5.66%
      沅江 4~8月份 569.52 589.63 20.11 3.53%
      其他月份 254.25 300.39 46.14 18.15%
      年均蒸发量 823.77 890.02 66.25 8.04%
      安乡 4~8月份 481.86 478.72 -3.14 -0.65%
      其他月份 225.28 220.66 -4.62 -2.05%
      年均蒸发量 707.14 699.38 -7.76 -1.10%
      华容 4~8月份 500.61 559.22 58.61 11.71%
      其他月份 223.51 248.64 25.13 11.24%
      年均蒸发量 724.12 807.86 83.74 11.56%
      平均蒸发量 4~8月份 530.56 557.00 26.44 4.98%
      其他月份 237.06 257.72 20.66 8.72%
      年均蒸发量 767.62 814.72 47.10 6.14%
      下载: 导出CSV
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    • 收稿日期:  2020-03-20
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