Innovative Development of Medical Geology: A One Health Perspective
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摘要: "同一健康"概念是一种融合跨学科和跨行业资源的整体性健康研究与管理新方法，为医学地质创新发展提供了新视角.在全球性传染病防治引起人类社会空前重视的时代背景下，医学地质学需要研究在人类活动影响下，地球物质循环、生态系统韧性变化与疾病出现和传播模式的变化之间的成因联系，并面临三方面的科学挑战：（1）研究对人类和动物有害或有益的地球物质循环规律及其健康风险；（2）揭示与全球性疾病有关的地质环境因素和过程，探索减缓风险对策；（3）识别和评估新型污染物和病原体的分布、迁移与健康风险.为有效应对这些挑战，需要整合创新资源，倡导和支持"聚合"研究，推动多学科协作的医学地质调查计划，加强平台建设和人才培养.Abstract: The One Health concept is a new holistic approach of health research and management by integrating interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral resources and provides new perspectives for innovative development of medical geology. In an era of unprecedented importance for human society to prevent and control pandemics, medical geologists should be involved in studying the genetic links between Earth material cycling, ecosystem resilience and the onset and transmission of diseases. There are three scientific challenges for medical geology studies:to understand the cycling of Earth materials deleterious or beneficial for human beings and animals and to assess their health risks; to reveal the geo-environmental factors and processes related to pandemics and to explore mitigation approaches; and to identify and assess the distribution, transport and health risks of emerging contaminants and pathogens. To respond effectively to these challenges, it is necessary to integrate innovative resources, advocate and support convergence and promote medical geology survey programs with coordinated interdisciplinary involvement, and to enforce the construction of research platforms and improve quality of professional education.
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Key words:
- One Health concept /
- medical geology /
- Earth materials /
- pathogens /
- environmental geology
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图 1 “同一健康”概念(Destoumieux-Garzón et al., 2018)
Fig. 1. One Health concept(Destoumieux-Garzón et al., 2018)
图 2 “同一健康”案例研究思路：以施用市政污泥用于农业土壤改良为例（Lebov et al., 2017）
Fig. 2. Schematic of study design for One Health case study: application of biosolids as an agricultural soil amendment(Lebov et al., 2017)
图 3 全球尿石症风险与全球碳酸盐岩分布对比示意图
图 3为了简洁，未标国界，据Wang et al.(2020)
Fig. 3. Global urolithiasis risk map compared to the global carbonate rock distribution
图 4 典型的虫媒病毒生命周期与该系统的环境驱动或限制因子（据Selinus(2013)修改）
Fig. 4. A typical arbovirus cycle and environmental drivers or constraints on the system(adapted from Selinus, 2013)
图 5 1989—2003年和2004—2018年两个时段，高砷、高氟和高碘地下水研究领域主要国家的发文量和被引频次对比
检索策略：基于Web of Science（WOS）平台检索SCI-EXPANDED数据库，检索式为：主题=(arsen* or iod* or Fluori*) and groundwater，文献类型为Article，时间跨度为1989—2018年
Fig. 5. A comparison of the number of publications and citations in high arsenic, high fluoride and high iodine groundwater studies in the periods of 1989—2003 and 2004—2018
表 1 一些空气病原体及可能致病情况(Institute of Medicine and National Research Council, 2007)
Table 1. Examples of airborne pathogens and the diseases that may result(Institute of Medicine and National Research Council, 2007)
病原体 人类疾病 细菌疾病 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 肺结核，播散性结核 Chlamydia psittaci 鹦鹉热（肺炎） Bacillus anthracis 肺炭疽 Staphylococcus aureus 葡萄球菌呼吸传染，脓毒症，皮肤感染 Streptococcus pyogenes 葡萄球菌呼吸传染，脓毒症，其他葡萄球菌感染 Legionella spp.s 军团菌病 Neisseria meningitidis 脑膜炎双球菌感染，脑膜炎 Yersinia pestis 肺鼠疫，淋巴腺鼠疫 Bordetella pertussis 百日咳 Corynebacterium diptheriae 白喉 真菌病 Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillosis 曲霉病 Blastomyces dermatiridi Blastomycosis 芽生霉菌病 Coccidioides immitis Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) 球孢子菌病（溪谷热） Cryptococcus neoformans Cryptococcosis 隐球菌病 Histoplasma capuslatum Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病 Nocardia asteriodes Nocardiosis 诺卡氏菌病 病毒病 流感病毒 流感 汉坦病毒 汉坦病毒肺综合症 柯萨奇病毒 回声病毒性胸膜炎（胸璧疼痛），呼吸及其他感染 风疹病毒 风疹病毒（德国麻疹） 麻疹病毒 麻疹 鼻病毒 普通感冒 原虫病 Pneumocystis carinii 肺孢子虫病（卡氏肺孢菌肺炎） 
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