Segmentation Features of Geomorphology and Sedimentary Structure of Zhongjian Canyon
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摘要: 中建海底峡谷具有分段性，但分段的关键地貌特征、各段沉积充填及其控制因素缺乏精细描述和系统论证.综合利用高分辨率二维和三维地震资料，结合水深地貌数据，对中建海底峡谷地貌及沉积特征进行了详细分析，总结了其南北段沉积过程的主控因素.中建海底峡谷呈NW向顺直展布于广乐隆起与西沙隆起之间，以华光礁附近的地貌高点为拐点被分为南北两段.中建海底峡谷北段沉积体系包括重力流沉积（水道、席状沉积、滑塌体）和底流沉积（漂积体、环槽、谷槽），南段以重力流水道和海底扇为主.北段沉积体系受底流和重力流交互作用控制，底流自中中新世开始出现，改造重力流水道，使其出现侧向迁移或翼部不对称现象，上新世以后重力流作用减弱，底流作用增强，沉积物波和漂积体广泛发育；峡谷南段水道表现出侵蚀-沉积-废弃的沉积旋回，未见底流沉积现象.相对海平面变化导致碳酸盐生产率变化影响物源供应，从而控制水道沉积演化，碳酸盐台地的“高位溢流”作用决定水道在高水位时发育.Abstract: The Zhongjian Canyon is segmented, but the key geomorphic features of the segmentation, the sedimentary filling of each segment and its controlling factors lack detailed description and systematic demonstration. The integrated analysis of high-resolution 2D/3D seismic data and bathymetric data were used to study the geomorphology and sedimentary features of the Zhongjian Canyon, and the main controlling factors of the sedimentation process in both of the north and south segmentations of the Zhongjian Canyon are summarized. The Zhongjian Canyon extends in NW direction between the Guangle and Xisha uplifts, a knick point as the high point near the Huaguang reef separates the Zhongjian Canyon into southern and northern segmentations. The sedimentary system in the northern segmentation of the Zhongjian Canyon consists of gravity flow deposits (channels, sheets and slumps) and bottom current deposits (drifters, moats and troughs), and the northern segmentation is dominated by gravity channels and submarine fans. Sedimentary system of the northern segmentation is controlled by the interaction between bottom currents and gravity flows, of which the bottom currents came out in Middle Miocene, reworking the gravity channels, leading to migration of the axes or asymmetry wings; gravity flows became weakened while bottom currents strengthened after Pliocene, and sediment waves and drift bodies are widely developed. The channel in the southern segmentation of the canyon shows a depositional cycle of erosion-deposition-abandonment, and no bottom flow deposition was observed. The relative sea level changes, leading to the change of carbonate productivity, affect the provenance supply, so the highstand shedding of carbonate platform promotes the development of channel at high sea level.
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Key words:
- geomorphology /
- sedimentary feature /
- bottom current /
- gravity flow /
- Zhongjian Canyon /
- northern South China Sea /
- marine geology
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图 1 南海西北陆缘水深地形图
据Chen et al.（2014）、Zhu et al.（2010）修改
Fig. 1. Bathytopographic map of the northwestern margin of the South China Sea
图 3 中建海底峡谷地形地貌特征
图a中红线表示地震测线，红框表示研究区部分三维工区，黑线表示峡谷地貌图
Fig. 3. Geomorphology of the Zhongjian Canyon
图 4 中建海底峡谷相关的地震相-沉积相
图a~h依次为地震相A、地震相B、地震相C、地震相D、地震相E、地震相F、地震相G、地震相H
Fig. 4. Seismic-sedimentary facies of the Zhongjian Canyon
图 5 中建海底峡谷北段上游沉积特征
Fig. 5. Sedimentary characteristics of the upper part of the northern Zhongjian Canyon
图 6 中建海底峡谷北段上游放大图
a.中中新世水道轴部向东迁移；b.天然堤不对称发育；c.沉积物波自上新世开始发育，现今海底仍存在
Fig. 6. Zoomed in map of the upper part of the northern Zhongjian Canyon
图 7 中建海底峡谷北段下游沉积特征
Fig. 7. Sedimentary characteristics of the lower part of the northern Zhongjian Canyon
图 8 中建海底峡谷南段上游沉积特征
Fig. 8. Sedimentary characteristics of the lower part of the southern Zhongjian Canyon
图 9 中建海底峡谷南段中游和下游沉积特征
a. 2.0 s处的时间切片（相当于上新世）；b.中建海底峡谷南段中游剖面，显示4期水道充填；c. 中建海底峡谷南段下游剖面，U型水道消失，主要充填席状朵叶体
Fig. 9. Sedimentary characteristics of the middle and lower parts of the southern Zhongjian Canyon
图 10 中建海底峡谷沉积体平面展布示意图
底图为中中新世古地貌图.黑色虚线表示可能的底流流向，据Sun et al.（2017）修改
Fig. 10. Sketch map of the sedimentary systems in the Zhongjian Canyon
表 1 中建海底峡谷各段剖面形态学参数统计
Table 1. Morphology parameter statistics of different sections of the Zhongjian Canyon
剖面号 横截面形态 宽度（km） 下切深度（m） 宽深比 3c V型 28 150 186.67 3d U型 26 80 328.75 3e UV型 17 50 340.00 3f UV型 18 62 289.60 3g U型 20 76 267.11 
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