Development Characteristics of Carbonate Cement and Its Influence on Reservoir Quality in Sandstones from Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
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摘要: 碳酸盐胶结物是一类砂岩储层中最常见的成岩胶结交代物.厘清碳酸盐胶结物的发育特征、期次及其含量，可定量分析碳酸盐胶结物对储层质量的影响程度.以文昌A凹陷珠海组海陆过渡相砂岩储层的碳酸盐胶结作用为研究重点，分凹陷中心与近珠三南断裂两个主体区域，利用岩石学分析、铸体薄片显微镜下鉴定、阴极发光分析、同位素分析等技术手段，明确了碳酸盐胶结物类型、含量、赋存状态与期次特征，定量分析了碳酸盐胶结作用对储层质量的影响.结果表明，文昌A凹陷珠海组碳酸盐胶结物具有多类型、多期次等典型特征，其在垂向及平面上的分布特征均具较为明显的规律性.碳酸盐胶结减少的孔隙度占比为9.7%~43.0%，平均为20.7%，占全部胶结物减少孔隙的33.6%~88.2%，平均为60.6%；且碳酸盐胶结物对粗粒度岩性的孔隙度影响更大.受断裂带分布及热流体活动影响，碳酸盐胶结物在近南断裂带比凹陷中心更为发育.凹陷中心碳酸盐弱胶结或远离南断裂带区域可作为寻找文昌A凹陷低渗背景下“甜点”储层的有利区带.Abstract: Carbonate cement is the most common cement type found in the pore space of sandstone. By clarifying the development characteristics,the period and distribution of carbonate cement,the influence mechanisms of carbonate cement on reservoir quality can be quantitatively determined. In this study,the Zhuhai Formation in the Wenchang A Depression was divided into two main sedimentary areas,namely the center of the depression and the area near the Zhu III fault zone. The type,content,occurrence state,stage and distribution characteristics of carbonate cement in the marine-continental transitional sandstone reservoirs of two main areas were analyzed systemically based on core observation,thin sections,cathodoluminescence analysis and carbon and oxygen isotopes respectively. The effect of carbonate cementation on reservoir quality was quantitatively analyzed. Results show that carbonate cements in the Zhuhai Formation have typical characteristics of multiple types and multiple stages. The distribution characteristics of carbonate cement show obvious vertical and plane regularity. The porosity reduced by carbonate cementation accounts for 9.7%-43.0% with an average of 20.7%,accounting for 33.6%-88.2% with an average of 60.6% of the total porosity reduced by cementation. Carbonate cement has a greater effect on the porosity of coarse-grained lithology. Influenced by the distribution of fault zone and thermal fluid activity,compared with the center of depression,the well area near the south fault zone developed more carbonate cement. The area with weak carbonate cementation in the center of the depression,or the well area far away from the South fault zone,can be used as a favorable area to find the "sweet spots" reservoir under the low permeability background in the Wenchang A Depression.
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图 1 文昌A凹陷构造位置(a、b)与地层综合柱状图(c)(据尤丽等，2018)
Fig. 1. Structural location (a, b) and stratigraphic histogram (c) of Wenchang A Depression (from You et al., 2018)
图 2 文昌A凹陷中心珠海组的地层特征(A-2c井)
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic characteristics of Zhuhai Formation in the center of Wenchang A Depression (Well A-2c)
图 3 文昌A凹陷近珠三南断裂带珠海组的地层特征(B-2a井)
Fig. 3. Stratigraphic characteristics of Zhuhai Formation near Zhu III fault zone in Wenchang A Depression (Well B-2a)
图 4 文昌A凹陷珠海组砂岩岩石类型
Q为单晶石英; F为钾长石和斜长石; R为岩屑(不稳定岩屑和多晶石英)
Fig. 4. Rock types of sandstones in the Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
图 5 文昌A凹陷珠海组泥质杂基含量
Fig. 5. Muddy matrix content of Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
图 6 文昌A凹陷珠海组孔隙度、渗透率随深度变化
Fig. 6. Vertical distribution of porosity and permeability of Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
图 7 文昌A凹陷珠海组砂岩孔渗关系
Fig. 7. Porosity-permeability relationship of Zhuhai Formation sandstone in Wenchang A Depression
图 8 文昌A凹陷珠海组碳酸盐胶结物典型显微照片
a~c.A-2a井，3 201.70 m，石英加大越过菱铁矿薄膜，后被白云石交代；d、e.B-3a井，3 340.76 m，中晚期(铁)方解石交代早期方解石及长石颗粒；f. B-2a井，3 346.35 m，铁白云石交代铁方解石且晚于石英加大；g. A-1a井，3 407.90 m，白云石交代团块状泥晶菱铁矿集合体；h、i. A-3a井，3 852.00 m，铁方解石交代石英加大及白云石，可见白云石溶蚀形成次生孔隙. Dol.白云石；Sd.菱铁矿；Qtz.石英；Cal.方解石；Fc.铁方解石；Or.正长石
Fig. 8. Typical micrographs of carbonate cement in Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
图 9 文昌A凹陷珠海组碳酸盐胶结物含量随深度变化
Fig. 9. Vertical distribution of carbonate cement content of Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
图 10 文昌A凹陷珠海组碳、氧同位素测试结果
a.碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素分布；b.碳酸盐胶结物形成温度分布
Fig. 10. Carbon and oxygen isotope test results of Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
图 11 文昌A凹陷珠海组储层包裹体均一温度分布(据尤丽等，2018)
Fig. 11. Temperature distribution from inclusions in Zhuhai Formation of Wenchang A Depression (from You et al., 2018)
图 12 文昌A凹陷珠海组砂岩孔隙度、渗透率与碳酸盐胶结物的关系
Fig. 12. The relationships between porosity, permeability and carbonate cement of Zhuhai Formation sandstone in Wenchang A Depression
图 13 文昌A凹陷珠海组不同期次碳酸盐胶结物对储层孔隙度、渗透率的影响
Fig. 13. Effect of carbonate cement of different stages on porosity and permeability of reservoir in Zhuhai Formation of Wenchang A Depression
图 14 文昌A凹陷珠海组碳酸盐胶结物对砂岩孔隙模式的影响
a.A-2a井，3 668.16 m，压实作用强烈，基本无可视孔隙；b. B-3a井, 3 330.90 m，碳酸盐孔隙式胶结；c. B-3a井，3 366.00 m，碳酸盐基底式胶结；d、e. A-3a井，3 852.00 m，碳酸盐溶蚀孔隙；f. B-2a井，3 352.15 m，晚期碳酸盐胶结物充填孔隙、交代碎屑颗粒
Fig. 14. Effect of carbonate cement of Zhuhai Formation on sandstone pore pattern in Wenchang A Depression
图 15 文昌A凹陷珠海组胶结物含量、碳酸盐胶结物含量与粒间体积的关系
Fig. 15. Relationships between cement content, carbonate cement content, and intergranular volume of Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
图 16 文昌A凹陷珠海组典型热液矿物
据邓广君等(2017).a.B-2a井，3 688.55 m，溶蚀孔内金红石；b.A-2a井，3 984.39 m，重晶石
Fig. 16. Typical hydrothermal minerals of Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
图 17 文昌A凹陷Ro值、粘土矿物含量随深度变化
Fig. 17. Vertical distribution of Ro value and clay mineral content in Wenchang A Depression
表 1 文昌A凹陷珠海组砂岩胶结物平均含量统计
Table 1. Statistics of average cement content of sandstones in the Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
构造部位 层位 样数(个) 碳酸盐胶结物(%) 高岭石(%) 石英加大(%) 胶结物总量(%) 面孔率(%) 方解石 铁方解石 白云石 铁白云石 菱铁矿 总量 凹陷中心 远离断裂带 珠一段 31 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.8 0.3 2.6 0.2 0.2 3.0 4.6 珠二段 64 1.8 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.0 3.6 0.0 1.4 5.0 5.9 珠三段 37 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.4 1.5 4.3 0.1 0.8 5.2 7.8 六号断裂带 珠一段 111 0.4 0.0 1.5 2.3 3.9 8.1 0.6 0.8 9.5 4.7 珠二段 58 0.0 0.1 1.0 2.5 0.2 3.8 0.0 1.8 5.6 2.6 珠三段 158 0.5 1.2 0.1 2.1 0.8 4.7 0.0 2.6 7.3 2.1 南断裂带 珠一段 30 10.9 0.4 1.1 1.7 0.0 14.1 0.0 0.4 14.5 5.6 珠二段 81 0.8 2.9 1.8 2.3 0.2 8.1 0.1 0.4 8.6 11.4 珠三段 116 0.0 0.8 0.7 4.2 0.4 6.1 0.0 0.3 6.3 6.9 
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表 2 文昌A凹陷珠海组碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素特征
Table 2. Carbon and oxygen isotopic characteristics of carbonate cement of Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Depression
构造部位 层段 井号 深度(m) 成岩矿物 δ13C (‰) δ18O (‰) Z值 T (℃) 凹陷中心 珠二段 A-2c 3 788.74 铁方解石 -9.4 -12.7 101.8 102.6 3 982.90 铁方解石 -7.9 -12.6 104.8 102.0 珠三段 A-1c 3 763.36 方解石 -1.9 -8.3 119.3 72.6 南断裂带 珠一段 B-3a 3 340.76 铁方解石 -7.1 -12.2 106.7 99.2 珠二段 B-2a 3 343.36 铁白云石 -3.0 -13.8 114.4 110.8 3 348.60 铁白云石 -2.8 -13.7 114.6 110.5 3 397.45 铁白云石 -2.2 -13.2 116.3 106.6 珠三段 B-2a 3 686.20 方解石 -4.0 -9.3 114.6 79.2 B-3a 3 762.62 铁白云石 -8.3 -13.4 103.6 108.4
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表 3 文昌A凹陷B-3a井含油气饱和度与碳酸盐胶结物含量统计
Table 3. Statistics of oil and gas saturation and carbon- ate cement content of Well B-3a in Wenchang A Depression
井名 层段 深度(m) 含油气饱和度(%) 解释结论 碳酸盐胶结物(%) B-3a 珠一段 3 325.8~3 331.0 40.2 气层 15.8 3 331.0~3 332.7 49.0 气层 13.5 3 332.7~3 342.5 35.7 气层 16.6 珠三段 3 749.1~3 752.7 46.5 油层 4.7 3 752.7~3 756.7 53.8 油层 5.9
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表 4 文昌A凹陷珠海组砂岩储层压实、胶结作用对孔隙度影响评价
Table 4. Evaluation of the influence of sandstone reservoir compaction and cementation on porosity in Wenchang A Depression
构造部位 层段 岩性 样数(个) 原始孔隙度(%) 粒间体积(%) 胶结物含量(%) 碳酸盐胶结物含量(%) 方解石含量(%) 铁方解石含量(%) 白云石含量(%) 铁白云石含量(%) 菱铁矿含量(%) 压实作用减少的孔隙度(%) 胶结作用减少的孔隙度(%) 面孔率(%) 压实作用减少的孔隙度占比(%) 胶结作用减少的孔隙度占比(%) 碳酸盐胶结作用减少的孔隙度占比(%) 碳酸盐胶结相对总胶结作用减小的孔隙度占比(%) 凹陷中心 珠一段 细-中砂岩 81 34.1 17.2 12.9 6.6 0.6 0.2 1.5 2.4 1.9 16.9 12.9 1.9 49.6 37.8 19.4 51.2 粗砂岩 46 33.2 20.6 9.6 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.1 2.7 12.6 9.6 9.8 38.0 28.9 16.3 56.3 珠二段 细-中砂岩 47 36.7 17.2 13.1 4.4 1.6 0.1 0.8 1.8 0.1 19.5 13.1 3.3 53.1 35.7 12.0 33.6 粗砂岩 71 32.1 13.0 6.2 3.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 2.2 0.1 19.1 6.2 5.2 59.5 19.3 9.7 50.0 珠三段 细-中砂岩 136 37.9 12.3 9.8 5.0 0.5 1.3 0.2 2.2 0.8 25.6 9.8 2.2 67.5 25.9 13.2 51.0 粗砂岩 38 32.5 12.8 5.3 4.1 0.0 0.3 1.1 1.4 1.3 19.7 5.3 7.5 60.6 16.3 12.6 77.4 南断裂带 珠一段 细-中砂岩 24 36.7 22.7 20.0 15.0 11.5 0.6 0.9 1.9 0.1 14.0 20.0 4.7 38.1 54.5 40.9 75.0 粗砂岩 4 33.5 21.4 18.0 14.4 10.8 0.0 2.7 0.9 0.0 12.1 18.0 7.6 36.1 53.7 43.0 80.0 珠二段 细-中砂岩 62 37.4 20.3 17.9 8.1 1.1 2.9 2.2 1.9 0.0 17.1 17.9 12.3 45.7 47.9 21.7 45.3 粗砂岩 19 32.8 18.2 9.7 7.9 0.0 3.2 0.5 3.5 0.7 14.6 9.7 8.7 44.5 29.6 24.1 81.4 珠三段 细-中砂岩 45 37.5 18.2 10.8 4.7 0.0 0.6 0.4 3.0 0.7 19.3 10.8 7.5 51.5 28.8 12.5 43.5 粗砂岩 66 31.3 15.2 9.0 7.4 0.1 1.0 1.0 5.2 0.1 16.1 9.0 5.9 51.4 28.8 23.6 82.2
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