Analysis on Geophysical Evidence for Existence of Partial Melting Layer in Crust and Regional Heat Source Mechanism for Hot Dry Rock Resources of Gonghe Basin
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摘要: 新生代以来，共和盆地及其周缘造山带无火山、岩浆活动，印支期隐伏花岗岩体岩浆余热与放射性元素衰变生热等难以构成共和盆地干热岩资源的主要热源，而共和盆地又为一高温地热异常盆地.目前已基本探明了共和县恰卜恰与贵德县热水泉干热岩体2处，圈定出干热岩勘查目标靶区16处.区域重力和区域航磁调查、区域天然地震成像、盆地尺度天然地震背景噪声层析成像勘查，以及超高分辨率重力异常、电阻率与Rayleigh波群相速度线性反演结果均表明共和盆地下伏发育有壳内部分熔融层，进而构成地处板内环境、高热流区共和盆地干热岩资源的区域性热源.盆地尺度MT勘查结果表明，共和盆地西盆地壳内部分熔融层埋深15~35 km，东西向长约41 km，南北向宽约34 km，厚度2~12 km.综合分析认为，该部分熔融层熔融程度最高可达4%~7%，15 km深处温度约为574℃，主体位于贵南南山推覆体系与共和准推覆体系深部主拆离滑脱推覆界面之下，兴海大型复合推覆体系主拆离滑脱推覆界面之上.挽近地质时期深构相、多层次、近水平展布的韧性拆离滑脱推覆构造界面的连续动态剪切摩擦生热，可能是部分熔融层形成的主要因素.Abstract: The volcanic magmatic activity has not been observed in the Gonghe basin and its surrounding orogenic belts since the Cenozoic. Heat generation from the magma of concealed granite body during the Indosinian period and the radioactive elements within the stratum are difficult to form the heat source of hot dry rock resources in the Gonghe basin. However, it has been widely recognized that this basin is a high-temperature geothermal abnormal basin. Nowadays, two hot dry rock masses were verified in the Qiabuqia of the Gonghe County and the Reshuiquan of the Guide County basically. Sixteen target areas of the hot dry rock exploration were also delineated in this region. Evidences from the regional gravity and aeromagnetic survey, regional natural seismic imaging profile, tomographic exploration of natural seismic background noise at basin scale, ultra-high resolution gravity anomalies, as well as linear inversion of resistivity and phase velocity of Rayleigh wave group all show that partial melting layer was developed in the crust of the Gonghe basin. This partial melting layer, located in the inner plate environment and characterized by high heat flow, constitutes the regional heat source of the hot dry rock resources in the Gonghe basin. The MT exploration reflects that the partial melting layer within the crust of the western basin of the Gonghe basin is characterized by a depth of 15-35 km, length of about 41 km and 34 km in east-west and north-south directions respectively, thickness of 2-12 km. Comprehensive analysis shows that this partial melting layer, marked by a melting degree of 4%-7% and temperature of about 574℃ at 15 km depth, is mainly located under the main detachment nappe interface between the nappe systems of the Guinan Nanshan and Gonghe, and above the main detachment nappe interface of Xinghai large composite nappe system. Heat generation from the continuous dynamic shear friction at the deep structural, multi-level, and near horizontal detachment nappe interface during the Neoid period is the main factor for the formation of the partial melting layer.
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Key words:
- low velocity-high conductivity layer /
- partial melting layer /
- hot dry rock /
- heat source /
- Gonghe basin /
- tectonics
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图 1 共和盆地及周缘造山带区域地质图与隐伏干热岩勘查开发目标靶区分布
1.地层代号；2.燕山期侵入岩；3.印支期侵入岩；4.前印支期侵入岩；5.地质界线；6.区域性断裂和一般断裂；7.地质（红）与地球物理（紫）推断的隐伏断裂；8.推覆构造/ 飞来峰；9.断层位移方向；10.温泉；11.地热及石油勘探孔；12.干热岩开发目标靶区；13.干热岩勘查目标靶区；14.MT勘查线
Fig. 1. Regional geological map and target areas of concealed hot dry rock exploration and development within the Gonghe basin and its surrounding orogenic belt
图 3 共和盆地及周缘主要第四纪断裂系统
F1.青海南山南缘断裂；F2.贵南南山南缘断裂；F3.哇洪山-温泉断裂；F4.哇玉香卡-贵南隐伏断裂；F5.沙沟断裂；F6.新街断裂；F7.多禾茂断裂；F8.东昆南断裂；F9.马沁-文都弧形断裂.黑、红色实三角形所在盘为逆断层上盘；半箭头指示所在盘滑移方向.图a据袁道阳等(2004)；图b据张国伟等（2004）；图c据Craddock et al.(2014)修改
Fig. 3. Main Quaternary fault system of the Gonghe basin and its surrounding area
图 4 区域NNW向走滑挤隆构造形成机制示意图
据侯康明等（1999）修改
Fig. 4. Formation mechanism schematic diagram of the regional NNW strike slip extrusion structure
图 5 1:100万区域剩余重力异常平面图
黑实线为剩余异常正等值线，紫色点划线为剩余异常零等值线，黑断线为剩余异常负等值线；数字注记单位为10-5 m/s2. G21等代号为剩余重力异常编号. 图据青海省自然资源厅(1992, 青海东部1:100万区域重力调查报告)
Fig. 5. The 1:1 000 000 regional residual gravity anomaly
图 6 1:100万区域航磁ΔT异常平面图
实线ΔT正等值线，紫点划线为ΔT零等值线，虚线为ΔT负等值线；数字注记单位为nT.据青海省自然资源厅（1992, 青海东部1:100万区域重力调查报告）
Fig. 6. Map of the 1:1 000 000 regional aeromagnetic ΔT anomaly
图 7 共和-玉树三分量地震台站分布
图内数字注记为测点号; 据钱辉等（2001）修改
Fig. 7. Distribution of three component seismic stations across Gonghe-Yushu
图 8 共和-玉树接收函数反演的S波波速剖面
据钱辉等（2001）修改
Fig. 8. Profile of the S-wave velocity inversed by receiver function across Gonghe-Yushu
图 9 共和盆地西盆地不同深度天然地震背景噪声层析成像
a.深度为4 km; b.深度为8 km; c.深度为16 km; d.深度为20 km; e.深度为22 km; f.深度为24 km
Fig. 9. Tomographic map of the natural seismic background noise at different depths within the western basin of the Gonghe basin
图 10 贵德-大通大地电磁测深（MT）剖面
图中数据为电阻率等值线（单位：Ω·m）. 据地质矿产部第一物探综合大队（1993, 青海省贵德-西宁-甘肃省民乐大地电磁测深成果报告）修改
Fig. 10. Magnetotelluric sounding profile of the Guide-Datong area
图 11 共和-塔秀MT勘查L6线二维反演结果
Fig. 11. 2D inversion result of the MT exploration line L6 of the Gonghe-Taxiu
图 12 恰卜恰地区干热岩勘探孔深度-温度曲线
Fig. 12. Depth-temperature curves of the hot dry rock exploration holes within the Qiabuqia area
图 13 青海湖南岸下社西-娃彦山南MT勘查L7线二维反演结果
Fig. 13. 2D inversion result of the MT exploration line L7 across the west of Xiashe to the south of Wayan Mountain in the south bank of the Qinghai Lake
图 14 区域重力异常与深部层析成像剖面
a.基于超高分辨率重力数据库的区域重力异常特征; b.电阻率与Rayleigh波群相速度线性反演A-A'剖面; c.电阻率与Rayleigh波群相速度线性反演B-B'剖面.据Gao et al.（2018）修改
Fig. 14. Profiles of the regional gravity anomaly and the Vs model from ambient noise tomography
表 1 L6测线附近主要钻孔地质-地热地质数据统计
Table 1. Statistics of the geological and geothermal geological data of the main boreholes near the survey line L6
钻孔编号 孔深(m) 第四系底界埋深(m) 新近系底界埋深(m) 古近-新近系底界埋深(m) 隐伏花岗岩顶界埋深(m) 近干热岩体顶界温度（℃）/孔深(m) 近孔底温度(℃)/深度(m) 共参1井 5 026.60 1 076.00 4 005.00 > 5 026.6 > 5 026.6 - 167.00/ 5 026.60 DR3 2 927.26 607.50 1 340.25 - 1 340.25 150.19/ 2 104.31 180.27/ 2 880.29 DR2 1 852.38 610.00 1 440.90 - 1 440.90 145.00/ 3 000.00 98.60/ 1 840.00 
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