抚顺盆地中-晚始新世古植被与古气候

韦一; 杨兵; 夏浩东; 邓会娟

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2020.142

抚顺盆地中-晚始新世古植被与古气候

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.142

韦一^1, ,,
杨兵^2, , ,,
夏浩东²,
邓会娟²

1.
华北科技学院安全工程学院, 河北廊坊 065201
2.
自然资源实物地质资料中心, 河北廊坊 065201

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41702366

中央高校基本科研业务费项目 3142018004

中央高校基本科研业务费项目 3142018025

详细信息

作者简介:
韦一（1989-）, 女，讲师，博士，主要从事新生代微体古生物研究. ORCID: 0000-0003-2568-2186. E-mail: ostracods@126.com

通讯作者:
杨兵, ORCID: 0000-0002-8088-2247.E-mail: yangbing0932@126.com

中图分类号: P52
计量
- 文章访问数: 1405
- HTML全文浏览量: 627
- PDF下载量: 67
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-06-15
- 刊出日期: 2021-05-15

Paleovegetation and Paleoclimate during Mid-Late Eocene in Fushun Basin

Wei Yi^{1
,
,},
Yang Bing^{2
, ,
,},
Xia Haodong²,
Deng Huijuan²

1.
School of Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Langfang 065201, China
2.
Cores and Samples Centre of Natural Resources, Langfang 065201, China

摘要

摘要: 为重建东北地区中-晚始新世古气候，对抚顺盆地孢粉进行传统鉴定，利用有序聚类分析划分孢粉组合，结合共存分析法对孢粉组合定量化以建立研究区的古气候参数值.鉴定出孢粉67属，划分出（Ⅰ）Quercoidites- Tricolpopollenites- Betulaceoipollenites组合；（Ⅱ）Piceapollis-Tiliaepollenites-Chenopodipollis组合；（Ⅲ）Quercoidites-Betulaceoipollenites-Ulmipollenites组合；（Ⅳ）Pinuspollenites-Abietineaepollenites-Ephedripites组合；（Ⅴ）Betulaceoipollenites-Taxodiaceaepollenites-Quercoidites组合，其中组合Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ时代为中始新世；组合Ⅳ、Ⅴ时代为晚始新世.植被类型也经历了：落叶阔叶林-草原型植被→针阔叶混交林-草原型植被→落叶阔叶林-草原型植被→针叶林→针阔叶混交林的转变.气候带经历了由亚热带、亚热带-温带湿润性气候向温带半湿润性气候的转变，年均温和年降雨量均呈降低的趋势，这些变化趋势与全球温度变化趋势相耦合.
- 抚顺盆地 /
- 始新世 /
- 孢粉组合 /
- 古气候 /
- 共存分析法 /
- 环境地质
Abstract: For rebuilding the paleoclimate during Mid-Late Eocene in Northeast China, it analyzes the palynological characteristics in Fusun basin. Combining coniss analysis with co-existence approach, it quantitatively reconstructs the paleoclimate parameters in research area. 67 genera are identified and divided into 5 assemblages as: (Ⅰ) Quercoidites-Tricolpopollenites-Betulaceoipollenites Assemblage; (Ⅱ) Piceapollis-Tiliaepollenites-Chenopodipollis Assemblage; (Ⅲ) Quercoidites-Betulaceoipollenites-Ulmipollenites Assemblage; (Ⅳ)Pinuspollenites-Abietineaepollenites-Ephedripites Assemblage; (Ⅴ) Betulaceoipollenites-Taxodiaceaepollenites-Quercoidites Assemblage. The age of assemblages Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ belongs to Middle Eocene, and the age of assemblages Ⅳ, Ⅴ belongs to Late Eocene. The vegetation types of the basin experienced the transformation as deciduous broadleaf forest-steppe type vegetation→coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest-steppe type vegetation→deciduous broadleaf forest-steppe type vegetation→ coniferous forest→coniferous broadleaf mixed forest. The climatic zone changed from subtropical-temperate to temperate, the humidity changed from humid to semi-humid, and the average annual moderate and annual average rainfall decreased. This trend is coupled with the global temperature trend.
- Fushun basin /
- Eocene /
- sporopollen assemblage /
- paleoclimate /
- co-existence approach /
- environmental geology

HTML全文

图 1 抚顺盆地地质简图

Fig. 1. Geological sketch of Fushun basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 抚顺盆地东露天剖面中-晚始新世部分典型孢粉

1.Rutaceoipollis; 2.Abietineaepollenites; 3.Tiliaepollenites; 4.Deltoidospora; 5.Ostryoipollenites; 6.Juglanspollenites; 7.Betulaceoipollenites; 8.Polypodiaceaesporites; 9.Taxodiaceaepollenites; 10. Labitricolpites; 11.Pinuspollenites; 12.Abiespollenites; 13.Carpinipites; 14.Ulmipollenites; 15.Tricolporopollenites; 16.Laricoidites; 17.Cupuliferoipollenites; 18.Momipites; 19.Quercoidites; 20.Piceapollis（图中比例尺=20 μm）

Fig. 2. Major representatives of spore and pollen of Donglutian section in Fushun basin through the Mid-Late Eocene

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 抚顺盆地东露天剖面中-晚始新世重要孢粉垂向分布

裸子植物:(1)Pinuspollenites;(2) Abietineaepollenites; (3) Podocarpidites;(4) Piceapollis;(5) Abiespollenites;(6) Keteleeris; (7) Taxodiaceaepollenites (8) Inaperturopollenites;(9) Ephedripites;被子植物:(木本)(10)Betulaceoipollenites; (11)Carpinipiter; (12)Ostryoipollenites;(13)Triporopollenites (14)Alnipollenites; (15) Juglanspollenites;(16) Momipites;(17)Caryapollenites;(18) Tiliaepollenites;(19)Ulmipollenites;(20) Quercoidites;(21) Cupuliferoipollenites;(22)Elaeangnacites;(23) Pokrovskaja;(24) Eaphorbiacties;(25) Rutaceoipollis;被子植物(草本):(26) Graminidites; (27)Artemisiaepollenites;(28) Chenopodipollis;(29)Labitricolpites;(30) Persicarioipollis; (31) Liliipollis;(32) Tricolpopollenites; (33) Tricolpites; (34) Tricolporopollenites; 蔗类植物:(35) Deltoidopora; (36)Polypodiaceaesporites;(37) Lygodiumsporites; (38)Toroisporis

Fig. 3. Vertical distribution of major representatives of spore and pollen of Donglutian section in Fushun basin through the Mid-Late Eocene

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 抚顺盆地始新世中晚期孢粉母体植物生态组合与气候划分示意

气候带中温带包括温带、亚热带‒温带

Fig. 4. Palynofloras in the Mid-Late Eocene in Fushun basin and climate division

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 抚顺盆地各气候期植被变迁示意

1.Pediastrum（藻）; 2.Taxodiaceaepollenites; 3.Quercoidits; 4.Tricolpopollenites; 5.Betulaceoipollenites; 6.Juglanspollenites; 7.Carpinipites; 8.Piceapollis; 9.Pinuspollenites; 10.Abietineaepollenites; 11.蕨类; 12.Tiliaepollenites; 13.Ulmipollenites; 14.Ephedripites

Fig. 5. Vegetation evolution of each climate stage during the Mid-Late Eocene of Fushun basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 共存分析法原理示意

据Mosbrugger and Utescher（1997）修改

Fig. 6. Basic principle of the co-existence approach

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 中晚始新世深海温度变化曲线与抚顺盆地气候期对比

中晚始新世深海温度变化曲线据Zachos et al.(2001)；该曲线与全球温度变化趋势大体一致

Fig. 7. Comparison of deep sea temperature curves with climate stages in Fushun basin during the Mid-Late Eocene

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 抚顺盆地东露天剖面孢粉组合与黑龙江依兰达连河组、百色盆地、渤海湾盆地孢粉组合对比

Table 1. Comparison of spore and pollen assemble among Donglutian section in Fushun basin, Yilandalianhe Formation in Heilongjiang Province, Baise basin and Bohai bay basin

时代	本文	黑龙江依兰盆地（刘牧灵，1990）	海南省北部湾盆地（谢金有等，2012）	渤海湾盆地（姚益民等，1994）
晚始新世	Betulaceoipollenites-Taxodiaceaepollenites-Quercoidites组合	Quercoidites-Cupuliferoipollenites组合	Quercoidites-Leiotriletes-Granodiscus granulatus组合	Taxodiaceaepollenltes elongatus-Alnipollenites-Polypodiaceaesporites组合
晚始新世	Pinuspollenites-Abietineaepollenites-Ephedripites组合	Quercoidites-Cupuliferoipollenites组合	Quercoidites-Leiotriletes-Granodiscus granulatus组合	?
中始新世	Quercoidites-Betulaceoipollenites-Ulmipollenites组合	Quercoidites-Taxodiaceaepollenites组合	Quercoidites-Ulmipollenites-Pentapollenites组合	Quercoidites microhenrici-Ulmipollenites minor组合
	Piceapollis-Tiliaepollenites-Chenopodipollis组合			Ephedripites-Taxodioceaepollenites-Ulmoideipites tricostatus组合
	Quercoidites-Tricolpopollenites-Betulaceoipollenites组合

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 抚顺盆地中-晚始新世孢粉植物群和其现存最近亲缘类群以及其参数

Table 2. Palynofloras and their nearest living relatives in Fushun basin through the Mid-Late Eocene in Fushun basin and their climatic amplitudes

孢粉类型	现存最近亲缘类群	年均温（℃）		年降雨量（mm）
孢粉类型	现存最近亲缘类群	Min	Max	Min	Max
裸子植物
Cycadopites	Cycas^#	11.3	24.7	613.8	1 942.5
Ginkgoretectina	Ginkgo^#	10.2	19.8	658.7	1 785.2
Pinuspollenites	Pinus^*	-5.2	24.7	170.5	2 822.70
Abietineaepollenites	Pinus^*	-5.2	24.7	170.5	2 822.70
Podocarpidites	Podocarpus	8.5	24.7	797.5	1 653.5
Cedripites	Cedrus	10.2	20.9	33.4	1 663.9
Piceapollis	Picea	-4.9	22.7	291.6	1 815.60
Abiespollenites	Abies	2.8	23	170.5	1 785.2
Keteleeris	Keteleeria^#	14.3	24.7	613.8	1 815.60
Taxodiaceaepollenites	Taxodiaceae ^*	5.7	24.7	459.5	2 447.1
Inaperturopollenites	Taxodiaceae^*	5.7	24.7	459.5	2 447.1
Ephedripites	Ephedra^*	-4.9	19.8	16.4	1 113.3
被子植物
Betulaceoipollenites	Betula	-4.9	23.2	291.6	1 815.6
Carpinipites	Carpinus	2.3	25.5	570.3	1 785.2
Ostryoipollenites	Betulaceae	-4.9	23.2	291.6	1 815.6
Triporopollenites	Betulaceae	-4.9	23.2	291.6	1 815.6
Alnipollenites	Alnus^*	-5.2	23.8	355.2	2 394.5
Juglanspollenites	Juglans^*	-1.6	23	257.5	2 074.4
Pterocaryapollenites	Pterocarya	5.7	23.8	257.5	1 540.2
Momipites	Corylus ^*	-3.2	21.9	318.5	2 394.5
Caryapollenites	Carya^*	14.2	22.6	601.1	1 942.5
Tiliaepollenites	Tilia^*	-5.2	22.6	209.1	2 394.5
Ulmipollenites	Ulmus ^*	-5.2	25.5	16.4	1 900.3
Quercoidites	Quercus^*	-5.2	25.5	209.1	1 900.3
Cupuliferoipollenites	Castanopsis^*	5.4	25.5	613.8	2 822.7
Cyrillaceaepollenites	Anacardiaceae^*	-1.2	25.5	61.5	2 822.7
Faguspollenites	Fagus^*	5.7	22.6	554.9	2 394.5
Talisiipites	Sapindaceae	4.8	25.5	213.7	1 785.2
Rhoipites	Rhus^*	-0.4	23.8	277.6	2 394.5
Moraceoipollenites	Moraceae	3.97	27.17	-	-
Salixipollenites	Salix^*	-5.2	23.8	16.4	1 942.5
Lonicerapollis	Caprifoliaceae	-4.1	25.5	303.9	1 869.9
Ilexpollenites	Ilex^*	-1.2	25.5	201.6	2 822.7
Euphorbiacites	Euphorbiaceae^*	-5.2	25.5	33.4	2 822.7
Rutaceoipollis	Rutaceae	-5.2	25.5	61.5	1 869.9
Symplocoipollenites	Symplocaceae^*	-0.4	25.5	318.5	2 822.9
Graminidites	Gramineae	-4.9	25.5	303.9	2 447.1
Artemisiaepollenites	Artemisia	-4.9	25.5	303.9	1 869.9
Tubulifloridites	Compositae	-4.9	24.7	303.9	1 869.9
Chenopodipollis	Chenopodiaceae	-5.2	26.5	303.9	1 869.9
Labitricolpites	Labiatae	-4.9	24.7	16.4	1 942.5
Stephanocolpites	Labiatae	-4.9	24.7	16.4	1 942.5
Cruciferaeipites	Cruciferae^*	-5.2	24.7	16.4	2 129.5
Persicarioipollis	Polygonaceae	-4.9	24.7	16.4	1 785.2
Cyperaceaepollis	Cyperaceae	-4.9	25.5	303.9	1 254.7
Haloragacidites	Myriophyllum	-5	25.5	303.9	1 254.7
Monocolpopollenites	Palmae^*	8.5	25.5	474.6	2 822.7
Tricolpites	Hamamelidaceae	8.5	25.5	531	1 293.7
注：^#据史冀忠等（2008）；*据姚轶锋（2006）；其他据徐景先（2002）.

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 抚顺盆地、长昌盆地以及珲春始新世气候参数对比

Table 3. Comparison of climatic amplitudes among Fushun basin, Changchang basin and Hunchun in Eocene

	抚顺盆地	长昌盆地（姚轶锋，2006）	吉林珲春（寇香玉，2005）
气候参数	气候期Ⅴ：MAT：8.5~19.8 ℃；MAP：613.8~1 113.3 mm	MAT： 14.2~19.4 ℃； MAP：797.5~1 113.3 mm	MAT： 14.2~14.9 ℃； MAP：797.5~1 344 mm
	气候期Ⅳ：MAT：5.7~19.8 ℃；MAP：459.5~1 113.3 mm
	气候期Ⅲ：MAT：14.2~20.9 ℃；MAP：570.3~1 254.7 mm
	气候期Ⅱ：MAT：8.5~22.6 ℃；MPT：797.5~1 293.7 mm
	气候期Ⅰ：MAT：14.3~19.8 ℃；MAP：797.5~1 293.7 mm

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(46)

Che, Q. P., Fang, D. Q., Shao, K. Z., et al., 1994. New Development in the Study of the Xilutian Formation of the Eocene in Fushun Coal Field in Biostratigraphy. Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute, 18 (1): 11-16 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1074/jbc.M008467200
Chen, Z. L., Ding, Z. L., Tang, Z. H., et al., 2017. Paleoweathering and Paleoenvironmental Change Recorded in Lacustrine Sediments of the Early to Middle Eocene in Fushun Basin, Northeast China. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18: 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006573
Chinese Vegetation Editorial Committee, 1980. Vegetation of China. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
Fluteau, F., Ramstein, G., Besse, J., 1999. Simulating the Evolution of the Asian and African Monsoons during the Past 30 Myr Using an Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Journal of Geophysical Resarch, 104: 11995-12018. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900048
Hong, Y. C., Yang, Z. Q., Wang, S. T., et al., 1974. Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Fushun Coal-Field, Liaoning Province. Acta Geologica Sinica, 48(2): . 113-149 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DZXE197402006.htm
Kou, X. Y., 2005. Studies on Quantitative Reconstruction of Cenozoic Climates in China by Palynological Data (Dissertation). Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu, L. J., Li, C. A., Jie, D. M., et al., 2018. Paleoclimate Recorded by Phytolith in Anguli-Nuur Lake since Mid-Late Holocene. Earth Science, 43 (11): 4138-4148 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DQKX201811030.htm
Liu, M., Zhang, Y. J., Sun, S. L., et al., 2019. Palynological Assemblages of Beipiao Formation in Jinyang Basin of West Liaoning, and Their Age and Paleoclimatic Significances. Earth Science, 44(10): 3395-3408 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DQKX201910016.htm
Liu, M. L., 1990. Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary Palynoassemblage Sequences in Northeast China. Journal of Stratigraphy, 14(4): 277-285 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ199004002.htm
Miao, Y. F., Fang, X. M., Song, Z. C., et al., 2008. Eocene Sporopollen Records and Ancient Climate Change of Northern Tibetan Plateau. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences), 38(2): 187-196 (in Chinese).
Mosbrugger, V., Utescher, T., 1997. The Coexistence Approach: A Method for Quantitative Reconstruction of Tertiary Terrestrial Paleoclimate Data Using Plant Fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 134: 61-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(96)00154-x doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00154-X
Qu, S. Q., 1993. Characteristic and Its Geological Significance of the Palynological Assemblage of the Lower Tertiary Gengjiajie Group in Fushun Basin. Journal of Changchun University of Earth Sciences, 23(4): 411-415 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Shi, J. Z., Liu, Z. J., Liu, R., et al, 2008. Quantitative Reconstruction of the Eocene Palaeoclimate in the Fushun Basin, Liaoning Province. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 38(1): 50-55 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Song, Z. C., Cao, L., 1976. The Paleocene Spores and Pollen Grains from the Fushun Coalfield, Northeast China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 15(2): 147-162 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Song, Z. C., Liu, G. W., 1982. Early Tertiary Palynoflora and Its Significance of Palaeogeography from Northern and Eastern Xizang. In: Geological Expedition Team of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ed., Palaeontology of Xizang Book 5. Science Press, Beijing, 165-190 (in Chinese).
Wang, W. M., Zhang, D. H., 1990. Tertiary Sporo-Pollen Assemblages from the Shangdou-Huade Basin, Inner Mogolia―With Discussion on the Formation of Steppe Vegetation in China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 7(3): 239-253 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang, X. M., Wang, M. Z., Zhang, X. Q., 2005. Palynology Assemblages and Paleoclimatic Character of the Late Eocene to the Early Oligocene in China. Earth Science, 30(3): 309-316 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wei, Y., Zhang, K. X., Garzione, C. N., et al., 2016. Low Palaeoelevation of the Northern Lhasa Terrane during Late Eocene: Fossil Foraminifera and Stable Isotope Evidence from the Gerze Basin. Scientific Reports, 6(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27508 doi: 10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8
Xia, X. F., Zhang, N., Yu, J. X., et al., 2015. Eocene-Oligocene Palynology and Biostratigraphic Correlation in the Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, N. China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 32(3): 269-284 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie, J. Y., Li, J., Mai, W., et al., 2012. Palynofloras and Age of the Liushagang and Weizhou Formations in the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 51(3): 385-394 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GSWX201203012.htm
Xu, J. X., 2002. Palynology, Paleovegetation and Paleoclimate of Neogene Central-Western Yunnan, China (Dissertation). Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu, J. X., Wang, Y. F., Li, C. S., 2000. A Method for Quantitative Reconstruction of Tertiary Palaeoclimate and Environment-The Coexistence Approach. In: Advances in Plant Sciences. Higher Education Press, Beijing, 195-203 (in Chinese).
Yao, Y. F., 2006. Eocene Palynoflora from Changchang Basin, Hainan Island and Its Bearing on the Implications of Palaeovegetation and Palaeoclimate (Dissertation). Institute of Botany. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao, Y. M., Liang, H.D., Cai, Z.G., et al., 1994. Tertiary in Petroliferous Regions of China (Ⅳ): Bohai Gulf Basin. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing, 1-76 (in Chinese).
Zachos, J, C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., et al., 2001. Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292: 686-693. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412
Zhang, Z. S., Wang, H. J., Guo Z. T., et al., 2006. What Triggers the Transition of Palaeoenvironmental Patterns in China, the Tibetan Plateau Uplift or the Paratethys Sea Retreat?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245: 317-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.08.003 http://old.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/viewHTMLEn/PeriodicalPaper_JJ025360320.aspx
车启鹏, 方德庆, 邵奎政, 等, 1994. 抚顺煤田始新统西露天组生物地层学研究的新进展. 大庆石油学院学报, 18(1): 11-16. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQSY401.002.htm
中国植被编辑委员会, 1980. 中国植被. 北京: 科学出版社.
洪友崇, 阳自强, 王士涛, 等, 1974. 辽宁抚顺煤田地层及其生物群的初步研究(附昆虫、叶肢介化石属种描述). 地质学报, 48(2): 113-149. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZXE197402000.htm
寇香玉, 2005. 新生代孢粉分析与古气候定量重建的研究(博士学位论文). 北京: 中国科学院植物研究所.
刘林敬, 李长安, 介冬梅, 等, 2018. 中-晚全新世以来安固里淖气候演变的植硅体记录. 地球科学, 43(11): 4138-4148. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.614
刘淼, 张渝金, 孙守亮, 等, 2019. 辽西金羊盆地北票组孢粉组合及其时代和古气候意义. 地球科学, 44(10): 3395-3408. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.152
刘牧灵, 1990. 东北地区晚白垩世-第三纪孢粉组合序列. 地层学杂志, 14(4): 277-285. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ199004002.htm
苗运法, 方小敏, 宋之琛, 等, 2008. 青藏高原北部始新世孢粉记录与古环境变化. 中国科学(D辑: 地球科学), 38(2): 187-196. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.2008.02.005
曲淑琴, 1993. 抚顺盆地下第三系耿家街组孢粉组合及其地质意义. 长春地质学院学报, 23(4): 411-415. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ199304008.htm
史冀忠, 刘招君, 柳蓉, 等, 2008. 辽宁抚顺盆地始新世古气候定量研究. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 38(1): 50-55. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ200801007.htm
宋之琛, 曹流, 1976. 抚顺煤田的古新世孢粉. 古生物学报, 15(2): 147-162. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSWX197602006.htm
宋之琛, 刘耕武, 1982. 西藏东北部老第三纪孢粉组合及其古地理意义. 西藏古生物(第五分册). 北京: 科学出版社, 165-190.
王伟铭, 张大华, 1990. 内蒙古商都-化德盆地第三纪孢粉组合——兼论中国草原植被的形成. 微体古生物学报, 7(3): 239-253. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSGT199003003.htm
王晓梅, 王明镇, 张锡麒, 2005. 中国晚始新世-早渐新世地层孢粉组合及其古气候特征. 地球科学, 30(3): 309-316. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-2383.2005.03.006
夏雪飞, 张宁, 喻建新, 等, 2015. 渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷始新世-渐新世孢粉、藻类与地层对比. 微体古生物学报, 32(3): 269-284. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSGT201503005.htm
谢金有, 李君, 麦文, 等, 2012. 北部湾盆地涠洲组和流沙港组孢粉组合及时代. 古生物学报, 51(3): 385-394. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSWX201203012.htm
徐景先, 2002. 云南中西部地区晚第三纪孢粉植物群及其古植被和古气候研究(博士学位论文). 北京: 中国科学院植物研究所.
徐景先, 王宇飞, 李承森, 2000. 定量分析第三纪气候与环境的新方法——共存类群生态因子分析法. 见: 植物科学进展: 第3卷. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 195-203.
姚轶锋, 2006. 海南岛长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物群及其古植被和古气候研究(博士学位论文). 北京: 中国科学院植物研究所.
姚益民, 梁鸿德, 蔡治国, 等, 1994. 中国油气区第三系(Ⅳ)渤海湾盆地油气区分册. 北京: 石油工业出版社, 1-76.