Multi-Scale Characterization and Evaluation of Pore-Throat Combination Characteristics of Lacustrine Mixed Rock Reservoir
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摘要: 以渤海海域石臼坨凸起陡坡带沙河街组混积岩储层为研究对象，利用高压压汞、二维大面积背散射扫描电镜成像技术（Maps）、矿物成分定量分析技术（QEMSCAN）及微米CT等实验手段，对研究区沙河街组湖相混积岩储集空间的宏观特征到微观特征、二维平面特征到三维空间特征、微米级到亚微米级的孔喉分布特征进行多尺度的定量表征.结合孔喉分形特征，对研究区沙河街组湖相混积岩储层孔喉结构进行了分类评价.研究结果表明：研究区湖相混积岩储层岩石类型多样，非均性质强，孔喉结构复杂.毫米-微米级孔喉网络主要发育在高孔、中-高渗的亮晶生屑云岩中，溶蚀孔、生物体腔孔是其重要的储集空间类型，孔喉分形维数最低；亚微米-微米级、微米级孔喉主要发育在中-高孔、中-低渗的云质生屑砂岩、陆屑白云岩等岩性中，主要储集空间类型为粒间溶孔、铸模孔、晶间孔等，孔喉分形维数中等；纳米-亚微米级孔喉主要分布在泥晶砂屑云岩、钙质粉砂岩中，晶间孔是其主要的储集空间类型，孔喉分形维数最高.湖相混积岩储层孔喉组合特征多尺度表征及评价为渤海海域混积岩储层流体识别和有效开发提供了依据.Abstract: In this study, it investigates the mixed rock reservoir of the Shahejie Formation in the steep slope of the Shijiutuo uplift in the Bohai Sea area. Through high-pressure mercury injection, two-dimensional large area back scattering scanning electron microscope imaging technology (Maps), mineral composition quantitative analysis technology (QEMSCAN) and micron CT and other experimental methods, the macro-to-micro, two-dimensional plane characteristics to three dimensional spatial characteristics and pore-throat distribution characteristics from micron to submicron in lacustrine mixed rock reservoir space of Shahejie Formation in the study area are quantitatively characterized by multi-scale analyses. According to the fractal characteristics of the pore-throat, the evaluation of the pore-throat structure of the mixed rock in the Shahejie Formation in the study area is established. The results reveal various rock types, strong heterogeneous properties and complex pore-throat structure in the lacustrine mixed rock reservoir in the study area. The millimeter-micron pore-throat network is mainly developed in high porosity, medium to high permeability bright crystalline dandruff dolomite. Dissolution pores and biological cavity holes contribute greatly to the expansion of reservoir space, the fractal dimension of pore-throat is the lowest. Submicron-micron and micron pore-throat is mainly developed in medium-high porosity, medium-low permeability dolomitic lithogenic sandstone and continental dolomite. The main storage space types are inter-granular dissolved pore, mold hole, inter-crystalline pore and so on. The pore-throat fractal dimension is medium. The pore-throat of nanometer-submicron is mainly distributed in mud crystal sand dolomite and calcareous siltstone. Inter-granular pores and micro-cracks are the main types of reservoir space. The fractal dimension of the pore throat is the highest. Multi-scale characterization and evaluation of pore-throat combination characteristics of lacustrine mixed rock reservoir provide basis for fluid identification and effective development of mixed rock reservoirs in Bohai Sea area.
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图 1 渤海海域混积岩分布（a）和研究区构造位置（b）
Fig. 1. Distribution of mixed rock in the Bohai Sea area (a) and structural position of the study area (b)
图 2 研究区混积岩岩性及储集空间类型
a.灰色云质细砂岩岩心样品，QHD29-2E-X井，3 342.70 m，沙一段；b.含生屑云质砂砾岩，QHD29-2E-X井，3 385.03 m（正交光），沙一段；c.砂质生屑云岩岩心样品，QHD36-3-B井，3 777.50 m，沙二段；d.亮晶生屑白云岩，QHD36-3-B井，3 762.63 m（单偏光），沙二段；e.亮晶鲕粒云岩，泥晶包壳发育，QHD36-3-B井，3 829.00 m（正交光），沙二段；f.碳酸盐矿物溶蚀，QHD36-3-B井，3 773.10 m，扫描电镜，沙二段；g.亮晶栉壳状白云石，QHD36-3-B井，3 762.83 m（单偏光），沙二段；h.颗粒溶蚀，QHD29-2E-X井，3 350.00 m（单偏光），沙一段；i.多期白云石胶结，QHD29-2E-X井，3 385.03 m（正交光），沙一段
Fig. 2. Lithology and reservoir spatial types of mixed rocks in the study area
图 3 研究区混积岩QHD29-2E-X井沙一段3 371.52 m生屑白云岩样品QEMSCAN分析结果
Fig. 3. QEMSCAN analysis results of micrite bioclastic dolostone sample of the QHD29-2E-X well 3 371.52 m in the research area
图 4 研究区混积岩样品孔隙度和渗透率分布
Fig. 4. The porosity and permeability distribution of mixed rock samples in the study area
图 5 研究区混积岩QHD29-2E-X井沙一段3 371.52 m生屑白云岩样品Maps成像分析结果
a.样品大视域图像；b.黄色箭头指向生物碎屑铸模孔，绿色箭头指向泥晶包壳；c.橘色箭头指向微裂缝；d.蓝色箭头指向溶蚀孔隙，紫色箭头指向莓球状黄铁矿
Fig. 5. Analysis results of micrite bioclastic dolostone sample of the QHD29-2E-X well 3 371.52 m in the research area
图 6 研究区QHD29-2E-X井沙一段3 371.52 m生屑白云岩样品柱塞及子样微米CT分析结果
a.柱塞三值分割图像（黑色:孔隙；灰色:基质；白色:颗粒）；b.柱塞孔隙网络模型；c.子样二值分割图像（黑色:孔隙；白色:颗粒）；d.子样孔隙网络模型
Fig. 6. Analysis results of micrometer CT analysis of core plunger and subsample of the micrite bioclastic dolostone sample of the QHD29-2E-X well 3 371.52 m in the research area
图 7 研究区混积岩3类毛管压力特征、孔喉半径分布及对应样品的微观特征
a, b为QHD29-2E-X井，3 371.93 m隐晶鲕粒白云岩样品；c, d为QHD29-2E-X井，3 367.78 m白云质生屑不等粒砂岩样品；e, f为QHD29-2E-X井，3 369.32 m白云质生屑中-细砂岩样品
Fig. 7. Three types of capillary pressure characteristics, pore-throat radius distribution and microscopic characteristics of the corresponding samples of mixed rocks in the study area
图 8 分形维数与孔隙结构参数的关系
Fig. 8. Relationship between fractal dimension and pore structure parameters
表 1 研究区典型混积岩样品孔喉分形结果
Table 1. Fractal results of pore throat of typical mixed rock samples in the study area
样品岩性 孔隙度(%) 渗透率(10-3 μm2) 排驱压力(MPa) 汞饱和度50%时压力(MPa) 汞饱和度50%时孔喉半径(μm) 最大汞饱和度(%) 孔喉分形维数(D) 相关系数(R2) 隐晶鲕粒白云岩 17.92 0.277 2.4 8.21 0.089 81.52 2.887 0.742 白云质极细粒岩屑砂岩 16.58 0.354 1.24 8.40 0.088 84.16 2.626 0.877 白云质表鲕状不等粒岩屑砂岩 21.05 3.936 0.24 2.97 0.248 93.98 2.372 0.929 含高岭石表鲕状白云质粗-中粒岩屑砂岩 23.43 21.086 0.12 2.04 0.359 89.25 2.305 0.904 粒屑白云岩 29.47 46.025 0.13 1.83 0.401 87.75 2.267 0.921 亮晶鲕粒白云岩 34.62 115.503 0.10 1.33 0.552 85.10 2.221 0.935 白云质表鲕状中-细粒岩屑砂岩 28.67 340.053 0.04 1.41 0.522 81.11 2.198 0.924 
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表 2 研究区混积岩储层孔隙结构分类评价
Table 2. The classification and evaluation of the pore structure of the mixed rock reservoir in the research area
类型 岩性 孔隙度(%) 渗透率(10-3 μm2) 储集空间类型 孔喉组合类型 孔喉半径(μm) 分形维数 Ⅰ 亮晶生屑云岩 24.9~40.1 202.7~1 960.5 残余原生孔粒间孔、生物体腔孔、铸模孔、粒间溶蚀孔 中-高孔中喉 0.373~35.640 2.124~2.192 Ⅱ 白云石生屑粗砂岩、含陆屑亮晶白云岩 18.4~27.6 23.4~354.2 粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、铸模孔 中孔中-细喉 0.185~17.927 2.183~2.252 Ⅲ 含高岭石白云石生屑不等粒砂岩、白云石生屑砂砾岩 15.4~23.9 3.89~75.20 晶间孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、微裂缝 细孔细-微喉 0.033~4.106 2.214~2.604 Ⅳ 泥晶砂屑云岩、钙质粉砂岩 2.3~17.9 0.02~9.35 晶间孔、微裂缝 微孔微喉 0.018~0.372 2.581~2.815
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