Late Cretaceous Adakite in Sinongduo Area, Tibet: Implications for Petrogenesis and Mineralization
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摘要: 西藏冈底斯带广泛分布晚白垩世埃达克质岩，其岩石成因一直存在争论，并且对于成矿潜力的研究也十分有限.为此对谢通门县斯弄多-加多捕地区具铜矿化的黑云母二长花岗岩开展了锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学以及锆石微量元素地球化学特征的研究，以探明岩石成因及成矿潜力.结果表明黑云母二长花岗岩侵位时间为晚白垩世（83.1±1.6 Ma）.岩石具有相对高的SiO2含量（60.21%~62.54%）、MgO（2.19%~3.02%）、Mg#（41.25~50.73）值.较低含量的Y（15.9×10-6~17.8×10-6）、Yb（1.46×10-6~1.73×10-6）及较高的Sr/Y（35.0~47.6）、La/Yb（29.6~38.6）比值，表现出高硅型埃达克质岩亲和性.岩石属高钾钙碱性、准铝质系列（A/CNK值为0.84~0.92），富集LREE、大离子亲石元素（LILE）、亏损高场强元素（HFSE），如Nb、Ta等.锆石微量元素具较高的V/Sc、Ce/Ce*、10 000×（Eu/Eu*）和Eu/Eu*比值.通过对比冈底斯带晚白垩世典型的埃达克岩，认为斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩是新特提斯洋俯冲洋壳部分熔融的产物，岩浆氧逸度较高，显示出斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩具有良好的Cu-Au成矿潜力.Abstract: The genesis of the Late Cretaceous adakite in the Gangdese belt, Tibet, has been debated for decades, and research on the productivity of these intrusions is limited. To provide a further understanding of this issue, it presents zircon U-Pb data, geochemical and zircon trace element data of the biotite monzogranite from Sinongduo-Jiaduobu area, Xietongmen County, Tibet. New age data indicate that the biotite monzogranite emplaced in the Late Cretaceous (83.1±1.6 Ma). These rocks are characterized by relatively high contents of SiO2 (60.21%-62.54%), MgO (2.19%-3.02%), Mg# (41.25-50.73), low contents of Y (15.9×10-6-17.8×10-6), Yb (1.46×10-6-1.73×10-6) and high Sr/Y (35.0-47.6), La/Yb (29.6-38.6) ratios, showing high-SiO2 adakitic rock affinity. These rocks belong to high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous series (A/CNK=0.84-0.92), and enriched in LREE, LILE (large ion lithophile element) and depleted in HREE, HFSE (high field strength element), such as Nb and Ta. The zircon trace element data show high V/Sc, Ce/Ce*, 10 000×(Eu/Eu*), and moderate Eu/Eu* ratios. By comparing with typical adakitic rocks from the Gangdese belt, it is proposed that these rocks with high oxygen fugacity were derived from the partial melting of subducted Neo-Tethyan slab, and have good potential for Cu-Au mineralization.
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Key words:
- Gangdese belt /
- Sinongduo /
- adakite /
- Late Cretaceous /
- Cu mineralization /
- mineral deposit
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图 2 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩野外及镜下照片
a. 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩野外露头；b. 黑云母二长花岗岩中发育的孔雀石化脉；c. 中‒粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩手标本；d.细粒黑云母二长花岗岩手标本；e. 黑云母二长花岗岩镜下照片(单偏光)；f. 黑云母二长花岗岩镜下照片(正交偏光). Bt. 黑云母；Pl.斜长石；Kfs.钾长石；Qz.石英
Fig. 2. Field and petrographical photos of biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
图 3 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图(a)和阴极发光图像(b)
Fig. 3. U-Pb concordia diagram of biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area (a) and cathodoluminescence images of zircons (b)
图 4 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩锆石球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图
Fig. 4. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of zircons for biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
图 6 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩SiO2-K2O图解（a）, A/NC-A/CNK图解（b）, Th-Th/Nd图解（c）, La-La/Sm图解（d）
图c, d据Schiano et al.（2010）
Fig. 6. Diagrams of SiO2-K2O (a), A/NC-A/CNK (b), Th-Th/Nd (c) and La-La/Sm (d) for biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
图 5 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图（a）和稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图（b）
Fig. 5. Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram (a) and chondrite-normalized REE pattern (b) for biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
图 7 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩La/Yb-Yb(a)和Sr/Y-Y判别图(b)
Fig. 7. Discrimination diagrams of La/Yb versus Yb (a) and Sr/Y versus Y (b) for biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
图 8 高硅型埃达克岩和低硅型埃达克岩判别图
a. Sr-（CaO+Na2O）; b.Sr/Y-Y; c.Nb-SiO2; d.Cr/Ni-TiO2；图a~d据Martin et al.(2005)
Fig. 8. Discrimination diagrams of high-SiO2 (HAS) and low-SiO2 (LAS) adakites
图 10 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩锆石Ce/Ce*-Eu/Eu*图解（a），10 000×(Eu/Eu*)/Y-(Ce/Nd)/Y图解（b），全岩Sr/Y-SiO2图解（c）和V/Sc-SiO2图解（d）
图a, b据Lu et al.（2016）；图c, d据Loucks(2014)
Fig. 10. Diagrams showing variations in zircon Ce/Ce*-Eu/Eu* (a) and 10 000×(Eu/Eu*)/Y-(Ce/Nd)/Y (b), Sr/Y-SiO2 (c) and V/Sc-SiO2 (d) for biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
图 9 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩埃达克岩哈克图解
据Wang et al.（2005）；图a, b数据引自Wen et al. (2008); Zhu et al. (2009); 管琪等（2010）；Zhang et al.(2010);代作文等（2018）
Fig. 9. Harker diagrams for biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
图 11 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩Ba-Nb/Y图解(a)和Th/Yb-Sr/Nd图解(b)
图a, b据曲晓明等（2010）；无矿化花岗岩类数据引自Zhang et al.（2010）; Ma et al.（2013）; 代作文等（2018）
Fig. 11. Diagrams of Ba-Nb/Y (a) and Th/Yb-Sr/Nd (b) for biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
表 1 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果
Table 1. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating results of biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
测点 Pb（10-6） Th（10-6） U（10-6） Th/U 同位素比值 年龄(Ma) 谐和度(%) 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 208Pb/232Th 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ YD02-1 32.74 674.81 646.01 1.04 0.049 5 0.013 3 0.082 8 0.013 4 0.013 1 0.001 2 0.003 7 0.000 4 80.8 12.6 84.0 7.3 96 YD02-2 28.97 790.82 513.43 1.54 0.055 8 0.016 4 0.092 6 0.020 5 0.013 1 0.001 2 0.003 1 0.000 4 89.9 19.0 84.2 7.6 93 YD02-3 46.13 936.43 568.56 1.65 0.051 1 0.011 1 0.096 6 0.022 1 0.013 9 0.000 8 0.004 5 0.000 6 93.6 20.5 89.1 5.3 95 YD02-4 31.11 574.36 480.80 1.19 0.045 1 0.013 9 0.082 6 0.023 7 0.013 4 0.000 8 0.004 7 0.000 6 80.6 22.2 85.5 5.3 94 YD02-5 35.02 774.12 526.08 1.47 0.049 6 0.007 5 0.084 8 0.012 5 0.013 0 0.000 5 0.003 9 0.000 3 82.6 11.7 83.2 3.1 99 YD02-6 45.63 881.62 737.87 1.19 0.045 1 0.014 3 0.084 4 0.028 9 0.013 2 0.000 5 0.004 4 0.000 4 82.3 27.1 84.4 3.2 97 YD02-7 27.77 570.56 401.39 1.42 0.049 7 0.025 9 0.096 0 0.045 1 0.014 5 0.001 0 0.004 1 0.000 7 93.1 41.8 93.0 6.5 99 YD02-8 33.78 962.83 592.86 1.62 0.042 6 0.003 7 0.075 2 0.008 4 0.012 7 0.000 5 0.002 9 0.000 4 73.7 8.0 81.0 3.3 90 YD02-9 51.76 1 266.61 835.92 1.52 0.047 7 0.025 9 0.083 9 0.044 7 0.012 8 0.000 2 0.003 5 0.000 3 81.8 41.9 82.1 1.3 99 YD02-10 31.31 648.47 539.08 1.20 0.048 7 0.008 6 0.088 3 0.015 2 0.013 2 0.000 5 0.004 0 0.000 3 85.9 14.2 84.4 3.2 98 YD02-11 31.95 637.88 753.62 0.85 0.053 4 0.006 3 0.096 4 0.010 5 0.013 5 0.000 4 0.003 6 0.000 2 93.4 9.7 86.7 2.6 92 YD02-12 39.01 765.90 800.65 0.96 0.054 0 0.006 0 0.094 5 0.009 6 0.013 0 0.000 4 0.004 1 0.000 2 91.7 8.9 83.1 2.6 90 
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表 2 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩锆石微量元素分析结果(10-6)
Table 2. Zircon trace elements (10-6) results of biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
测点号 YD2-1 YD2-2 YD2-3 YD2-4 YD2-5 YD2-6 YD2-7 YD2-8 YD2-9 YD2-10 La 49.04 5.71 4.15 2.88 3.17 3.62 7.19 3.62 4.80 4.46 Ce 145.29 81.82 93.43 84.05 74.67 83.48 87.69 74.24 101.30 83.44 Pr 12.92 0.33 1.90 2.22 1.10 1.10 0.73 1.12 1.52 1.42 Nd 43.97 7.24 4.24 4.64 8.03 4.56 2.13 6.06 5.83 4.28 Sm 24.58 9.54 8.39 13.73 1.99 5.44 10.30 9.01 12.76 11.06 Eu 6.43 1.75 3.39 4.51 1.81 1.51 4.47 3.24 4.55 5.70 Gd 95.23 29.46 53.92 72.60 35.28 39.78 56.98 50.39 76.12 53.13 Tb 33.36 11.14 20.04 24.17 8.64 12.73 16.20 17.92 22.12 24.14 Dy 334.75 128.70 211.05 224.05 99.38 140.93 199.99 188.08 236.66 217.32 Ho 156.48 64.53 109.63 108.49 60.54 68.60 104.12 94.20 116.18 104.23 Er 551.64 264.25 382.98 382.03 227.22 246.18 378.77 353.30 410.45 376.68 Tm 141.44 77.86 107.65 109.39 54.02 65.09 108.44 93.17 108.39 100.32 Yb 1 146.93 673.50 815.36 894.26 564.05 599.81 898.02 783.35 869.75 853.38 Lu 572.18 463.75 461.56 510.47 427.33 438.03 512.06 494.34 509.41 513.48 Y 3 078.64 1 683.23 2 083.17 2 355.03 1 279.18 1 514.73 1 987.39 2 011.25 2 461.12 2 245.11 REE 3 314.22 1 819.57 2 277.68 2 437.49 1 567.22 1 710.86 2 387.09 2 172.05 2 479.85 2 353.04 Ti 41.56 11.01 22.81 6.75 12.22 16.91 0.00 8.29 26.71 26.98 Hf 26 562.75 23 555.72 23 083.69 25 145.26 22 036.95 24 566.78 24 101.39 25 337.79 24 839.94 24 813.71 Th 611.36 674.81 790.82 936.43 574.36 774.12 881.62 715.17 1 106.41 962.83 U 892.62 646.01 513.43 568.56 480.80 526.08 737.87 615.10 660.60 592.86 Eu/Eu* 0.36 0.29 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.23 0.45 0.37 0.35 0.59 Ce/Ce* 7.63 61.52 180.20 221.64 9.50 89.94 821.52 75.09 157.14 208.43 测点号 YD2-11 YD2-12 YD2-13 YD2-14 YD2-15 YD2-16 YD2-17 YD2-18 YD2-19 YD2-20 La 2.90 4.83 5.61 2.58 7.92 170.52 16.43 3.90 3.88 4.77 Ce 104.72 79.85 66.33 73.81 156.43 707.32 104.96 75.19 86.93 103.56 Pr 1.18 0.88 1.47 1.12 2.46 66.86 4.85 1.60 0.78 1.31 Nd 8.53 5.43 5.03 9.66 11.52 238.51 18.43 12.05 2.74 8.18 Sm 25.51 11.19 3.53 14.61 22.74 69.19 11.88 15.83 4.08 11.42 Eu 5.18 3.18 1.79 3.45 9.19 17.62 5.23 5.43 3.14 4.32 Gd 67.33 43.88 23.22 41.39 87.39 209.80 50.13 59.18 35.53 50.13 Tb 30.84 15.57 9.06 11.77 29.06 69.88 18.43 19.96 15.03 19.29 Dy 256.36 162.71 98.47 133.91 290.65 611.77 185.18 199.80 157.13 206.50 Ho 108.09 80.92 57.37 73.25 149.70 296.34 93.08 102.68 95.39 107.48 Er 523.15 293.51 213.78 280.66 520.04 962.50 341.81 371.53 373.03 390.50 Tm 124.66 81.19 63.30 74.79 135.75 232.88 94.48 91.41 106.17 104.81 Yb 1 052.58 703.14 593.48 728.61 1 115.06 1 708.04 803.94 761.56 994.26 949.79 Lu 606.84 459.72 451.71 486.43 553.46 687.66 490.66 449.87 569.42 545.79 Y 2 669.90 1 846.50 1 252.86 1 730.17 2 977.68 5 271.44 2 047.29 1 988.65 2 198.37 2 153.55 REE 2 917.86 1 946.00 1 594.15 1 936.05 3 091.37 6 048.88 2 239.50 2 169.98 2 447.51 2 507.86 Ti 24.23 75.42 237.53 0.00 38.58 0.00 67.27 21.73 8.32 7.68 Hf 25 753.81 23 892.19 24 032.61 24 512.05 23 096.54 21 893.58 23 200.09 21 853.69 25 890.10 24 803.75 Th 1 266.61 648.47 687.61 697.80 1 716.09 6 693.03 883.38 832.93 637.88 1 101.26 U 835.92 539.08 552.52 518.04 928.79 2 147.81 611.96 524.52 753.62 819.97 Eu/Eu* 0.36 0.38 0.45 0.40 0.55 0.41 0.56 0.48 0.54 0.47 Ce/Ce* 151.50 125.26 38.28 47.69 110.64 3.55 15.15 33.83 195.74 72.98 测点号 YD2-21 YD2-21 YD2-21 YD2-21 YD2-21 La 3.65 23.74 43.54 75.68 9.83 Ce 90.83 125.59 153.26 238.43 119.21 Pr 1.18 5.37 11.77 19.29 2.23 Nd 4.46 18.72 47.65 70.46 9.11 Sm 9.10 11.57 21.06 21.18 16.92 Eu 2.97 4.54 5.62 5.05 6.19 Gd 46.48 49.11 64.54 47.34 72.82 Tb 19.48 18.32 21.77 17.28 24.08 Dy 211.01 190.42 217.12 174.48 229.94 Ho 113.28 96.05 101.17 85.71 118.73 Er 411.77 346.98 358.62 315.68 445.06 Tm 115.41 95.04 95.82 85.00 116.32 Yb 983.41 799.41 787.65 755.39 1 056.54 Lu 561.60 504.06 500.37 467.12 540.34 Y 2 310.57 2 052.72 2 117.75 1 866.26 2 641.04 REE 2 574.60 2 288.90 2 429.96 2 378.09 2 767.32 Ti 13.18 13.69 29.75 19.75 29.85 Hf 24 936.50 25 193.20 24 855.76 22 498.93 22 515.12 Th 765.90 977.56 887.70 1 220.70 1 535.36 U 800.65 617.49 498.63 829.01 923.79 Eu/Eu* 0.36 0.50 0.43 0.47 0.46 Ce/Ce* 171.73 17.11 5.87 4.20 100.40 注：Ce*=(NdN)2/SmN( Loadera et al., 2017 ).
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表 3 斯弄多黑云母二长花岗岩主量元素(%)和微量元素(10-6)分析结果
Table 3. Major elements (%) and trace elements (10-6) results of biotite monzogranite in the Sinongduo area
原样编号 YD02-1 YD02-2 YD02-3 YD02-4 YD02-5 YD02-6 YD02-7 YD02-8 YD02-9 SiO2 60.39 62.65 60.48 61.79 62.21 61.99 62.53 60.95 62.54 Al2O3 15.02 15.12 15.18 15.12 14.70 14.99 15.02 15.14 14.87 Fe2O3 1.88 1.88 1.99 2.53 2.24 2.06 1.97 1.88 2.20 FeO 3.86 3.28 3.86 2.87 3.64 3.25 3.25 3.54 3.06 MgO 2.98 2.52 3.02 2.79 2.23 2.87 2.39 3.02 2.19 CaO 4.12 4.16 4.22 4.07 3.85 3.76 3.99 4.30 4.24 Na2O 3.48 3.34 3.40 3.72 3.68 3.79 3.71 3.69 3.75 K2O 3.00 3.34 3.07 3.32 3.62 3.40 3.54 3.22 3.61 TiO2 0.78 0.75 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.74 0.70 0.76 0.70 MnO 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.10 P2O5 0.25 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.27 0.24 0.27 0.23 LOI 3.51 2.08 2.95 1.99 2.15 2.06 1.86 2.52 1.94 Total 99.40 99.47 99.35 99.32 99.33 99.31 99.30 99.41 99.42 Na2O+K2O 6.48 6.67 6.48 7.03 7.30 7.20 7.25 6.91 7.36 FeOT 5.55 4.97 5.65 5.15 5.65 5.10 5.02 5.23 5.03 Mg# 48.91 47.44 48.77 49.12 41.25 50.10 45.89 50.73 43.75 A/CNK 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.88 0.87 0.90 0.87 0.87 0.84 A/NK 1.68 1.67 1.71 1.56 1.48 1.52 1.52 1.59 1.48 La 48.6 47.5 48.4 57.0 63.4 59.8 62.6 63.9 61.0 Ce 88.3 88.0 87.8 97.3 108 98.5 106 106 104 Pr 11.6 11.6 11.8 11.5 12.7 11.6 12.5 12.6 12.4 Nd 39.1 39.2 39.5 40.0 42.6 39.5 43.8 43.4 42.7 Sm 6.19 6.17 6.10 6.86 7.21 6.56 7.41 7.24 7.27 Eu 1.64 1.47 1.59 1.75 1.74 1.61 1.83 1.88 1.74 Gd 4.66 4.64 4.68 5.16 5.37 4.95 5.51 5.55 5.41 Tb 0.692 0.730 0.711 0.686 0.702 0.654 0.731 0.737 0.728 Dy 3.00 3.06 2.98 3.40 3.44 3.20 3.60 3.64 3.64 Ho 0.614 0.642 0.635 0.640 0.653 0.589 0.675 0.675 0.671 Er 1.63 1.68 1.64 1.74 1.83 1.67 1.94 1.87 1.87 Tm 0.262 0.268 0.258 0.241 0.266 0.236 0.269 0.265 0.275 Yb 1.58 1.61 1.54 1.53 1.68 1.55 1.78 1.67 1.73 Lu 0.240 0.265 0.236 0.234 0.260 0.234 0.265 0.260 0.260 Y 15.9 16.6 16.1 16.7 17.5 16.0 18.4 17.8 17.7 Ba 609 613 676 682 576 607 601 649 603 Th 14.5 20.6 15.6 20.4 24.0 19.8 24.1 20.6 25.5 U 2.85 3.46 3.18 3.74 4.40 3.83 4.02 3.80 4.61 Nb 10.8 15.0 11.1 8.05 8.41 8.94 8.22 8.44 8.34 Ta 1.82 2.43 1.43 1.25 1.38 1.16 1.27 1.34 1.45 Pb 47.2 47.6 43.3 46.2 60.0 48.4 37.4 45.2 42.0 Sr 7 544 686 758 764 611 699 698 758 640 Zr 176 182 179 181 182 174 178 182 194 Hf 4.42 4.85 4.48 5.05 5.46 4.89 5.05 5.03 5.64 Be 1.79 1.94 1.80 1.85 2.01 1.65 1.91 1.72 2.07 Bi 0.310 0.581 0.307 0.494 0.768 1.09 1.03 0.490 0.558 Co 18.3 14.3 18.7 17.7 16.7 17.2 20.6 17.3 14.8 Cr 55.4 56.8 55.3 62.0 49.1 56.0 60.1 58.6 54.7 Cs 12.0 7.05 9.46 11.8 7.44 13.6 11.8 11.5 6.63 Cu 31.8 37.0 23.2 34.6 156.4 87.3 71.5 37.7 87.9 Ga 18.9 19.7 19.7 23.9 22.7 22.5 24.8 22.7 23.8 Hf 4.42 4.85 4.48 5.05 5.46 4.89 5.03 5.05 5.64 Li 33.0 29.8 29.0 22.8 17.7 29.1 27.5 28.3 15.9 Ni 32.9 26.2 32.7 34.4 29.7 32.6 38.0 34.3 30.5 Rb 128 134 120 121 140 137 120 127 140 Sc 9.58 9.59 10.0 10.8 9.83 10.6 11.8 10.5 10.0 Sr 754 686 758 764 611 699 758 724 640 V 99.8 89.2 98.0 95.0 96.2 95.7 105.7 98.1 91.6 Zn 86.3 77.3 88.1 66.9 90.0 69.1 74.1 70.9 72.0 K 24 894 27 687 25 516 27 525 30 021 28 254 29 369 26 717 29 970 Ti 4 649 4 512 4 761 4 461 4 137 4 460 4 203 4 540 4 177 P 1 086 1 003 1 095 1 189 1 042 1 175 1 052 1 187 1 024 ΣREE 208.10 206.74 207.88 228.05 249.96 230.69 248.60 250.61 243.44 LREE 195.43 193.84 195.19 214.42 235.76 217.61 233.82 235.93 228.85 HREE 12.67 12.90 12.69 13.63 14.20 13.08 14.78 14.68 14.59 LREE/HREE 15.42 15.03 15.38 15.73 16.60 16.64 15.82 16.07 15.69 LaN/YbN 22.06 21.16 22.54 26.72 27.09 27.69 25.23 27.44 25.31 δEu 0.90 0.81 0.88 0.86 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.81 δCe 0.88 0.89 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.87 注：LOI为烧失量；A/NK=Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O), A/CNK=Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O); Mg#=100×Mg(Mg+Fe); δEu=2EuN/(SmN+GdN); FeOT=FeO+0.899 8×Fe2O3.
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