Identification of the ~2.09 Ga and ~1.76 Ga Granitoids in the Northwestern Yangtze Block: Records of the Assembly and Break-Up of Columbia Supercontinent
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摘要: 扬子地块保存了较多与Columbia超大陆演化有关的岩石记录，但是其聚合-裂解过程、在超大陆重建中的位置等还存在较大争论.对扬子地块西北缘碑坝地区马元花岗闪长岩和白玉钾长花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素研究.测年结果表明，上述花岗质岩石分别形成于~2 090 Ma和~1 760 Ma.地球化学组成上，马元~2 090 Ma花岗闪长岩受蚀变影响，表现出强过铝质的特点，微量元素低Sr、Cr、Ni，高Y和Yb，相对富集轻稀土、亏损高场强元素，与钙碱性花岗质岩石相似，锆石εHf（t）值为+0.91~+2.59；白玉~1 760 Ma钾长花岗岩高Si，富碱，低Al、Mg、Mn和P，A/CNK值在0.96~1.04之间，微量元素富集Th、Zr、Hf，相对富集Nb、Ta，贫Sr，稀土元素总量高，轻稀土富集，轻重稀土之间分异明显，并表现出强烈的负Eu异常，10 000×Ga/Al值为3.30~3.73，Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量为797×10-6~1 495×10-6，锆石饱和温度高达897~939℃，表现出A型花岗岩的特点，锆石εHf（t）值为-13.58~-10.29.结合锆石微量元素、氧逸度及前人研究成果表明，马元2 090~2 080 Ma花岗质岩石最有可能形成于岩浆弧的环境，存在新生和古老地壳物质两种岩浆来源，而白玉1 790~1 760 Ma A型花岗岩形成于陆内裂谷盆地，来源于古老地壳物质的部分熔融，它们分别是Columbia超大陆聚合-裂解在扬子地块的地质响应.综合区域地球物理和岩浆-变质事件的成果，表明扬子地块可能位于Columbia超大陆的边部，与Laurentia克拉通相连.Abstract: The Yangtze Block preserves large quantities of Paleoproterozoic rocks which hold the evidence of the Columbia supercontinent cycle, however, its evolution from the assembly to break-up and relative location in the palaeosupercontinent, are still in dispute. In this study, we present an integrated dataset of whole-rock geochemistry, zircon U-Pb age and Lu-Hf isotope of the Mayuan and Baiyu granitoids in the Beiba area of the northwestern Yangtze Block. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals that the Mayuan granodiorite and the Baiyu K-feldspar granite were emplaced at ~2 090 Ma and ~1 760 Ma, respectively. Geochemically, the Mayuan granodiorite shows strongly peraluminous characteristics with depletion in Sr, Cr, Ni, enrichment in Y and Yb, relatively enriched in LREE and depleted in HFSE, and these features bear resemblance to those of cal-alkali granite; in addition, its zircon Lu-Hf isotopic analyses yield positive εHf(t) values of +0.91 to +2.59. The Baiyu K-feldspar granite is alkali-rich and enriched in Sr, low Al, Mg, Mn and P, with A/CNK of 0.96-1.04; the trace elements show enrichment in Th, Na, Ta, Zr, Hf and depletion in Sr, Eu, with high total REE concentration, high LREE/HREE ratio, and strongly negative Eu anomalies; moreover, the granite has high HFSEs (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=797×10-6-1 495×10-6) and 10 000×Ga/Al ratios (3.30-3.73). Together with high zircon saturation temperatures (897-939 ℃) from the K-feldspar granite, they are classified as A-type granites with negative εHf(t) values from -13.58 to -10.29. Integrated with the analysis of trace elements and oxygen fugacity of zircon and previous research results, the Mayuan 2 090-2 080 Ma granitoids were likely to be generated by remelting of both juvenile and old crustal components within an arc-related setting; the Baiyu 1 790-1 760 Ma K-feldspar granite may be derived from partial melting of ancient crustal materials within the intracontinental rift setting. And they are likely to be the responses to the assembly and break-up of the Columbia supercontinent. Taking account of geophysical data and magmatic-metamorphic events, it is suggested that the Yangtze Block was spatially linked to Laurentia in the Columbia supercontinent.
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图 1 扬子地块前寒武纪（> 1.7 Ga）岩石分布(据Zhao and Cawood, 2012; 邓奇等, 2017改编)
数据来自Zhang et al.（2006）、Sun et al.（2008）、Wu et al.(2008, 2009, 2012)、Xiong et al.（2009）、Peng et al.（2009）、Zhang et al.（2011）、王子正等（2013）、Yin et al.（2013）、Li et al.(2014, 2019)、Hou et al.（2015）、邱啸飞等（2015）、Wang et al.(2015, 2016)、Chen and Xing（2016）、邓奇等（2017）、Hui et al.（2017）、Kou et al.（2017）、Zhu et al.（2017）、Zhou et al.（2017）、Han et al.(2017, 2018, 2019, 2020)、Guo et al.（2018）、Liu et al.（2019）、Cui et al.(2019, 2020)、黄明达等（2019）、Lu et al.（2019）、Wang and Dong（2019）、Qiu et al.（2020）.图据中国地图（审图号：GS(2016)2893号）修改
Fig. 1. Geological map showing the distribution of Precambrian rocks(> 1.7 Ga)in the Yangtze Block (modified from Zhao and Cawood, 2012; Deng et al., 2017)
图 2 碑坝地区地质简图及采样位置(据Ling et al., 2003; 邓奇等, 2017修改)
Fig. 2. Simplified geological map and sample location in the Beiba area (modified from Ling et al., 2003; Deng et al., 2017)
图 3 碑坝地区马元花岗闪长岩样品18NZ05-2（a、b）和白玉花岗岩样品16BY09-14（c、d）野外露头和镜下显微照片
Qtz.石英；Pl.斜长石；Kfs.钾长石；Bt.黑云母；Ms.白云母
Fig. 3. Field photographs showing outcrops and photomicrographs illustrating petrographic characteristics of the sample 18NZ05-2 (a, b) from the Mayuan granodiorite and the sample 16BY09-14 (c, d) from the Baiyu granite in the Beiba area
图 4 碑坝地区马元花岗闪长岩样品18NZ05-2（a~d）和白玉花岗岩样品16BY09-14（e~h）代表性锆石CL图像
图中白色比例尺均为50 μm；绿色为Hf同位素测点位置、序号和εHf(t)值；黄色为U-Pb年龄测点位置、序号和年龄值
Fig. 4. Cathodeluminescence (CL) images of typical zircon grains of the sample 18NZ05-2 (a-d) from the Mayuan granodiorite and the sample 16BY09-14 (e-h) from the Baiyu granite in the Beiba area
图 5 碑坝地区马元花岗闪长岩样品18NZ05-2和白玉花岗岩样品16BY09-14锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图
Fig. 5. U-Pb isotopic concordia diagrams of the sample 18NZ05-2 from the Mayuan granodiorite and the sample 16BY09-14 from the Baiyu granite in the Beiba area
图 6 碑坝地区马元花岗闪长岩样品18NZ05-2和白玉花岗岩样品16BY09-14锆石εHf(t)值直方图
Fig. 6. Histograms of zircon εHf(t) values of the sample 18NZ05-2 from the Mayuan granodiorite and the sample 16BY09-14 from the Baiyu granite in the Beiba area
图 7 碑坝地区花岗质岩石样品SiO2-Na2O+K2O（a）和A/CNK-A/NK（b）图解
底图据Middlemost（1994）、Maniar and Piccoli（1989）
Fig. 7. Nb/Y vs. Zr/TiO2 (a) and A/CNK vs. A/ NK (b) plots for the granitoid samples in the Beiba area
图 8 球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图（a）和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图（b）
原始地幔标准化数据、球粒陨石标准化数据引自文献Sun and McDonough (1989)
Fig. 8. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams (b)
图 9 碑坝地区花岗质岩石样品LOI与主微量元素协变图解
图例同图 7
Fig. 9. LOI vs. major and trace elements variation diagrams for the granitoid samples in the Beiba area
图 10 碑坝地区花岗质岩石样品Zr+Nb+Ce+Y-FeOT/MgO（a）和SiO2-P2O5（b）图解
底图据Whalen et al.（1987）、Chappell and White（1992）
Fig. 10. Zr+Nb+Ce+Y vs. FeOT/MgO (a) and SiO2 vs. P2O5 (b) plots for the granitoid samples in the Beiba area
图 11 扬子地块西北缘太古代-古元古代岩石年龄-Hf同位素图解
Fig. 11. Age-Hf isotope diagram for Archean-Paleoproterozoic rocks from the northwestern margin of Yangtze Block
图 12 碑坝地区花岗质岩石样品Rb-Y+Nb（a）和Y-Sr/Y（b）图解
底图据Pearce et al.（1984）、Drummond and Defant（1990）
Fig. 12. Rb vs. Y+Nb (a) and Y vs. Sr/Y (b) plots for the granitoid samples in the Beiba area
图 13 碑坝地区花岗质岩石样品锆石微量元素构造-岩浆背景判别图
Fig. 13. Discrimination diagram of tectono-magmatic setting based on trace elements in igneous zircon from the granitoid samples in the Beiba area
图 14 扬子地块在Columbia超大陆中的重建模式图（据Eglington et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2016）
Fig. 14. A model for reconstructing the Yangtze Block in the Colombia supercontinent (modified from Eglington et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2016)
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