元素在不同自然体系的分布：偶数规则之后，还有一个普遍规律——以类地行星为例

摘要: 在地球化学、天体化学乃至宇宙化学领域中，有一个应用十分广泛的著名的偶数规则(即Oddo-Harkins规律)，该规律认为，元素在太阳系分布中，原子序数为偶数的元素丰度通常会比相邻的两个奇数元素丰度值高.通过研究发现，化学元素在宇宙不同自然体系中分布与分配，至少对非亲气元素而言，在统计上还呈周期性变化，而这种周期性变化恰好和元素周期律吻合.而偶数规则也和元素周期性变化规律存在着某种深刻的联系，实际上是同一地球化学现象不同侧面的反映.以地球和金星等自然体系的化学元素质量丰度的比值为例，说明任意两个自然体系，其形成与演化的历程、机制、程度、条件以及物质的来源和化学构成愈是接近，二者之间的元素比值的变化波形就愈符合元素周期律.定量地确定元素在自然体系中分布/分配曲线对元素周期性变化曲线的吻合程度.元素在自然体系分布上的元素周期性变化规律的发现及其量化描述的实现，为更科学地、精确地计算、校验和获取自然体系中化学元素的一些基础数据，提供了一个全新的思路.
- 自然体系 /
- 化学元素的分布与分配 /
- 元素分布的周期性变化 /
- 周期律 /
- 地球化学
Abstract: The even number law (that is,"Oddo-Harkins" law) holds that a given element with even atomic number is more abundant than both the adjacent elements with odd atomic numbers,which is widely-used in geochemistry,astrochemistry and even cosmochemistry. The present study shows that the distribution/allocation of chemical elements (at least for non-atmophile elements) in various natural systems also exhibits cyclical changes in statistics,which is well consistent with the "Periodic Law". In fact,there exists certain intrinsic relationship between the even number law and the cyclical changes stated in present study,and they just signature a same geochemical phenomenon from different angles. For two random natural systems (the Earth and Venus,for instance),the more similar the processes,mechanisms,stages and conditions of their formation and evolution,their material sources and chemical compositions are,the more consistent their variation waveforms of elemental abundance ratios are with the "Periodic Law". The matching degree between the distribution/allocation curve of elements in various natural systems and the periodic variation curve of these elements has been further determined. Overall,the discovery of cyclical changes of elemental distribution and its quantitative characterization provide a new perspective for calculating,checking and acquiring basic data on chemical elements in a natural system.
- natural system /
- distribution of chemical element /
- cyclical changes of elemental distribution /
- Periodic Law /
- geochemistry

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图 3 化学元素宇宙丰度球粒陨石标准化后的变化趋势和元素第一电离能变化趋势的对比

元素的第一电离能数据据李贵全(2001)；宇宙元素丰度的数据据Anders and Ebihara(1982)；球粒陨石数据据Brownlow(1979); H、He、C、N、O等亲气元素数据空缺，二者均以¹⁰⁶Si原子数为标准

Fig. 3. Comparison of variation trend between the chondrite⁃normalized abundances of elements in the universe and their first ionization energies

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图 1 月海玄武岩的两块样品A⁃11与A⁃12的29个元素的比值变化趋势与元素的电负性变化趋势对比

元素电负性数据据李贵全(2001)；月海玄武岩数据据陈骏和王鹤年(2004)

Fig. 1. Comparison of variation trend between the abundance ratios of 29 elements from two samples in mare lunar basalt (A⁃11 and A⁃12) and their electro⁃negativities

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图 2 地球上Li等35个元素与金星相应的35个元素丰度比值的变化趋势和其常见的氧化态离子半径变化趋势对比

元素常见的氧化态离子半径数据据李贵全(2001)；地球与金星数据据Morgan and Anders(1980);这里只随意地选用了Sun and Mcdonough(1989)报道的球粒陨石的35个元素

Fig. 2. Comparison of variation trend between the abundance ratios of 35 elements in the Earth and Venus, and their common oxidized ionic radii

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图 4 地球化学元素/球粒陨石平均-金星化学元素/球粒陨石平均值关系

金星与地球的74个元素丰度值据Morgan and Anders(1980)；74个元素的CI型球粒陨石平均值据Anders and Grevesse(1989)

Fig. 4. Relationship of the abundances of 74 elements in the Earth and Venus normalized by CI⁃type chondrite average values, respectively

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图 5 (a) 火星74个元素被球粒陨石平均值标准化后与元素第一电离能变化态势对比；(b)筛除掉一些丰度“异常”的元素后剩余的33个元素球粒陨石标准化后与其第一电离能变化态势对比

火星元素丰度据Morgan and Anders(1980)；CI型球粒陨石平均值据Anders and Grevesse(1989)

Fig. 5. Comparison of variation trend between the chondrite⁃normalized abundances of (a) 74 elements and (b) 33 elements left after sieving those elements with "abnormal" abundances in Mars and their first ionization energies

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表 1 水星等四大行星球用数学遍历法筛选后符合元素周期律的元素(保留下来的元素)

Table 1. The elements of four planets fitting the Periodic Law well (preserved elements) and their percentages (%)

	保留下来的元素	even and 4q type element	4q+3	4q+2	4q+1	even⁃even	odd⁃even	even⁃odd	odd⁃odd
水星	Mg, Al, Si, S, Ca, Sc, V, Zn, Se, Cd, I, Te, Ba, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Hf, Ta, Pt, Hg, Th	66.66	16.66		16.66	36.66	33.33	26.67	3.33
金星	Al, S, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Zn, Se, Sr, Cd, Sb, Te, I, Ba, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Ta, Hg	60.71	17.86	3.50	17.86	39.28	35.71	17.86	7.14
地球	Al, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Zn, Se, Sr, Te, I, Ba, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Ta, Hg	60	20		20	36	40	20	4
火星	Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Pd, Cd, Sb, Te, I, Ba, La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ta, Hg	60.6	24.24	3.03	12.12	39.39	33.33	18.18	9.00

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表 2 水星等四大行星用数学遍历法筛选后偏离元素周期律的元素(被剔除的元素)

Table 2. The elements of four planets deviating from the Periodic Law (sieved elements) and their percentages (%)

	被剔除的元素	odd element	4q	4q+3	4q+2	4q+1	even⁃even	odd⁃even	even⁃odd	odd⁃odd
水星	Li, Be, B, F, Na, P, Cl, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ce, Lu, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, U	61.36	22.73	45.45	11.36	20.45	22.73	40.91	15.91	20.45
金星	Li, Be, B, F, Na, Mg, Si, P, Cl, K, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Br, Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Cs, Ce, Lu, Hf, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U	56.52	16.67	43.48	13.04	19.57	26.86	39.13	17.39	17.39
地球	Li, Be, B, F, Na, Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Br, Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, sb, Cs, Ce, Lu, Hf, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U	55.10	26.53	40.82	14.29	18.37	28.57	36.73	16.33	18.37
火星	Li, Be, B, F, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ti, Mn, Ga, Ge, As, Br, Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Ag, In, Sn, Cs, Ce, Pr, Hf, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U	58.53	24.39	39.02	12.15	24.39	24.39	41.46	17.01	14.63

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