Genesis of Fuchuan Chromitites at South Anhui, Implications from the Parental Melts
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摘要: 皖南蛇绿岩带位于江南造山带北东段，该区地幔橄榄岩多已发生蚀变甚至全部蛇纹石化，成为制约该区深部研究工作的一个现实瓶颈.为查明该蛇绿岩及赋存其中的伏川铬铁矿床的成因，本研究通过电子显微镜以及电子探针等手段，对皖南蛇绿岩和不同类型铬铁矿石（Ⅰ类以铬绿泥石为主要脉石矿物和Ⅱ类以异剥辉石为主要脉石矿物）中铬铁矿及其共生矿物进行深入研究，发现铬铁矿为典型的阿尔卑斯型高铝型铬铁矿，大多发育裂隙结构，在颗粒边缘或裂隙处部分蚀变为铁铬铁矿.对铬铁矿核部未蚀变部分进行研究，得出方辉橄榄岩中铬尖晶石Cr#（100×Cr/（Cr+Al））为54.12~65.18，Mg#（100×Mg/（Mg+Fe2+））为42.37~54.84，铬铁矿石中铬铁矿Cr#为53.97~62.29，Mg#为59.49~68.57.铬铁矿母岩浆成分和MORB（mid-ocean ridge basalt）基本一致，表明伏川铬铁矿结晶时母岩浆的成分可能为MORB.对其氧化环境的研究发现其成岩成矿环境为低氧逸度（-0.14至+0.68log（QFM）），并具有从MORB向SSZ（suprasubduction zone）过渡的特征.结合野外地质现象，认为铬铁矿石可能是地幔橄榄岩和洋中脊玄武岩浆反应而形成，而方辉橄榄岩又体现出SSZ特征，说明皖南蛇绿岩应该是地幔橄榄岩部分熔融、岩石-熔体反应和板块俯冲等综合作用的结果，这为研究江南造山带的构造和演化提供重要依据.Abstract: South Anhui ophiolite, one of the oldest ophiolites in southern China, is located in the northeastern most segment of Jiangnan orogen. The ultramafic rocks in this area are extensively serpentinized which constrains the researches here and it is challenging for further studies. In order to investigate the origin of the South Anhui ophiolites and the Fuchuan chromitites, detailed observation with microscope and electron probe micro-analyzer was made for the mineralogy analysis of chromites and paragenetic minerals in harzburgites and chromitites. The chromites can be divided into two types, namely, type Ⅰ with kämmererite as the gangue mineral, and type Ⅱ with diallage as the gangue mineral. All the chromites are typical Alpine-type high aluminum chromites, most of which develop fractures, and along the rim and fractures are altered into ferritchromite. The unaltered core part of the chromites which retains the pristine composition was studied, and the spinels in harzburgites are characterized by moderate Cr# (100×Cr/(Cr+Al), 54.12-65.18) and low Mg# (100×Mg/(Mg+Fe2+), 42.37-54.84), and those of the chromites from the chromitites are 53.97-62.29 and 59.49-68.57, respectively. The calculated component of parental melts of the chromitites is similar to MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt), indicating the derivation from MORB. The oxygen fugacity is low (-0.14 to +0.68log(QFM)), showing the feature of transition from MORB to SSZ (suprasubduction zone) setting. Combining with the field phenomena, it is believed that chromitites might be formed from the interaction of peridotites and MORB, and together with the SSZ feature of the harzburgites, reflecting that the formation of South Anhui ophiolites might be the result of the combined effect of partial melting of the peridotites, rock-melt interaction, and plate subduction, which provides vital evidence for the tectonic and evolution of the Jiangnan orogen.
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Key words:
- Fuchuan chromitite /
- South Anhui ophiolite /
- MORB /
- SSZ /
- Jiangnan orogen /
- mineral deposit
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图 2 皖南蛇绿岩和铬铁矿床分布情况
Fig. 2. Distribution of South Anhui ophiolites and chromitites
图 3 伏川地幔橄榄岩野外产出状态及显微结构特征
a.伏川地幔橄榄岩野外照片，辉长岩脉侵入；b.方辉橄榄岩网格状结构发育，正交偏光，样号Fc-3-6；c.斜方辉石蚀变为绢石，裂缝处有蛇纹石挤入，边界呈港湾状，正交偏光，样号Fc-8-1；d.蠕虫状副矿物铬尖晶石呈半透明、红褐色分布于斜方辉石粒间，单偏光，样号Fc-8-1；e. 铬尖晶石颗粒边缘或裂隙处已部分或全部蚀变为铁铬铁矿，背散射照片，样号Fc-8-2-1；f. 铬尖晶石颗粒边缘或裂隙处蚀变为磁铁矿，背散射照片，样号Fc-9-1. Srp.蛇纹石；Bas.绢石；Sp.铬尖晶石；Fchr.铁铬铁矿；Käm.铬绿泥石；Mag.磁铁矿
Fig. 3. Outcrops and micro textures of the Fuchuan peridotites
图 4 Ⅰ类铬铁矿石手标本及显微结构特征
a.铬铁矿石手标本，脉石矿物主要为紫红色铬绿泥石，样号Fc-9-3；b.铬铁矿颗粒表面粗糙，已蚀变为铁铬铁矿，背散射照片，样号Fc-9-4-1；c.铬铁矿中铬绿泥石包裹体发育，背散射照片，样号Fc-9-3；d.铬铁矿中铬绿泥石包裹体及单斜辉石出溶体，背散射照片，样号Fc-9-3；e.碎裂状铬铁矿，裂隙中铬绿泥石充填，背散射照片，样号Fc-9-4-1；f.钙铬榴石和铬绿泥石相间呈揉皱状充填于铬铁矿颗粒之间，背散射照片，样号Fc-9-4-1. Chr.铬铁矿；Uvt.钙铬榴石；Chl.绿泥石；Cpx.单斜辉石；Käm、Fchr见图 3
Fig. 4. Photographs of hand specimen and micro textures of the type Ⅰ chromitites
图 5 Ⅱ类铬铁矿石手标本及显微结构特征
a.铬铁矿石手标本，脉石矿物主要为浅绿色异剥辉石，样号Fc-8-3-1；b.铬铁矿呈半透明褐红色，裂隙发育，单偏光，样号Fc-8-3-1；c.后成合晶结构铬铁矿，背散射照片，样号Fc-8-3-1；d.异剥辉石揉皱发育，边缘常蚀变为铬绿泥石，背散射照片，样号Fc-8-3-2；e.铬铁矿和绿泥石挤入异剥辉石颗粒中，在异剥辉石和铬铁矿接触处发育钙铝榴石，背散射照片，样号Fc-8-3-2. Dia.异剥辉石；Grs.钙铝榴石；Chr、Käm、Chl见图 3、图 4
Fig. 5. Photographs of hand specimen and micro textures of the type Ⅱ chromitites
图 6 伏川Ⅱ类铬铁矿石中异剥辉石成分图解
据Morimoto(1988).Di.透辉石；He.钙铁辉石；Au.普通辉石；Pi.易变辉石；ClEn.斜顽辉石；ClFs.铁斜辉石
Fig. 6. Diagram of diallages in Fuchuan type Ⅱ chromitites
图 7 伏川铬铁矿石中异剥辉石成分变化图
a.Mg#-Al2O3；b.Na2O-Al2O3；c.Cr2O3-Al2O3，据Pagé et al.（2008），图例同图 6.ABP.深海橄榄岩；FAP.弧前橄榄岩
Fig. 7. Variation of diallage compositions in the Fuchuan chromitites
图 8 伏川铬铁矿石中铬铁矿的TiO2-Cr2O3（a）、Al2O3-Cr2O3图解（b）和伏川方辉橄榄岩和铬铁矿石中铬铁矿的Cr#-Mg#图解（c）
a, b.据田亚洲（2015）；c.据Dick and Bullen（1984）
Fig. 8. TiO2 vs. Cr2O3 (a) and Al2O3 vs. Cr2O3 (b) diagrams showing the compositional variation of Fuchuan chromitites and variation of Cr# vs. Mg# for chromites in chromitites and harzburgites from Fuchuan ophiolites (c)
图 9 伏川铬铁矿床铬铁矿和熔体间的关系
a.Al2O3; b.TiO2; c.FeO/MgO（据Rollinson，2008），图例同图 8. MORB.洋中脊玄武岩浆；ARC.岛弧岩浆
Fig. 9. Chromite-melt relationships for chromites and melts in the Fuchuan chromitites
图 10 与伏川铬铁矿平衡的母岩浆的(TiO2)melt-(Al2O3)melt图解（a）和与伏川铬铁矿平衡的母岩浆的(FeO/MgO)melt-(Al2O3)melt图解（b）
a.据Barnes and Roeder（2001）; b.据Pagé and Barnes（2009）, 图例同图 8. MORB.洋中脊玄武岩；BON.玻安岩；KOMA.科马堤岩；OPHIO.蛇绿岩
Fig. 10. (TiO2)melt vs. (Al2O3)melt in equilibrium with the chromite from Fuchuan chromitites (a) and (FeO/MgO)melt vs. (Al2O3)melt in equilibrium with chromite from the Fuchuan chromitites (b)
图 11 伏川方辉橄榄岩和铬铁矿石中铬铁矿的Fe3+/Fe2+-Al2O3图解
据Kamenetsky et al.（2001），图例同图 8. MORB.洋中脊玄武岩浆型橄榄岩；SSZ.超俯冲带型橄榄岩
Fig. 11. Fe3+/Fe2+ vs. Al2O3 variation diagram of chromites from the Fuchuan harzburgites and chromitites
图 12 伏川方辉橄榄岩铬尖晶石Δfo2log(QFM) vs. Cr#图解
据Dare et al.（2009）. CAB.大陆弧玄武岩；IAT.岛弧玄武岩；harz.方辉橄榄岩；dun.纯橄岩；MORB、SSZ、BON见图 10、图 11
Fig. 12. Plot of Δfo2log(QFM) vs. Cr# of chromites from Fuchuan harzburgites
图 13 伏川方辉橄榄岩和铬铁矿石中铬铁矿TiO2-Al2O3图解（a）和TiO2 - Cr#图解（b）
a.据Kamenetsky et al.（2001），图例同图 8. SSZ、MORB见图 11；b. 据Tamura and Arai（2006）.ABP、FAP见图 7；BON见图 10
Fig. 13. Plot of TiO2 versus Al2O3 (a) and the relation between TiO2 and Cr# (b) of chromites in Fuchuan harzburgites and chromitites
图 14 伏川方辉橄榄岩和铬铁矿石中铬铁矿Cr#-TiO2图解（a）和伏川铬铁矿石中铬铁矿Cr# - Fe#变化图（b）
a.据Pearce et al.（2000）; b. 据Pagé and Barnes（2009）; 图例同图 8. Lher.二辉橄榄岩；MORB、BON见图 10；IAT、dun、harz见图 12
Fig. 14. Cr# vs. TiO2 of chromites from Fuchuan harzburgites and chromitites (a) and variations diagram of Cr# vs. Fe# for chromite from Fuchuan chromitites (b)
表 1 伏川Ⅱ类铬铁矿石中异剥辉石电子探针数据（%）
Table 1. Representative electron microprobe analyses of diallages in Fuchuan type Ⅱ chromitites (%)
样品 Fc-8-3-2 Fc-8-3-1 点号 19-2-01 19-2-03 19-2-08 19-1-01 19-1-05 19-1-15 19-1-18 SiO2 52.70 52.00 52.65 51.86 54.68 55.20 54.34 TiO2 0.07 0.17 0.18 0.13 0.03 0.02 0.04 Al2O3 2.09 3.69 2.65 3.88 0.41 0.80 0.39 Cr2O3 0.91 1.41 1.20 1.55 0.51 0.07 0.05 FeO 2.09 2.19 2.28 2.54 0.82 0.52 1.97 MnO 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.04 MgO 16.52 16.34 15.92 16.33 17.41 17.46 16.63 CaO 23.62 22.24 23.22 22.48 25.02 25.22 25.26 Na2O 0.12 0.27 0.27 0.31 0.15 0.37 0.25 K2O 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.04 NiO 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.04 Total 98.24 98.39 98.48 99.27 99.17 99.71 99.04 Si 1.95 1.92 1.95 1.90 2.00 2.00 1.99 Ti 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Al 0.09 0.16 0.12 0.17 0.02 0.03 0.02 Cr 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 Fe3+ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Fe2+ 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.05 Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mg 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.89 0.95 0.94 0.91 Ca 0.94 0.88 0.92 0.88 0.98 0.98 0.99 Na 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ni 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 4 Mg# 93.37 93.02 92.57 91.96 97.43 98.37 93.78 En 47.59 48.66 46.93 48.06 48.53 48.67 46.32 Fs 3.50 3.74 3.88 4.37 1.36 0.82 3.14 Wo 48.91 47.60 49.19 47.57 50.11 50.51 50.54 注：Mg#为100×Mg/(Mg+Fe2+). 
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表 2 皖南蛇绿岩方辉橄榄岩和伏川铬铁矿石中铬铁矿电子探针数据（%）
Table 2. Representative electron microprobe analyses of chromites in harzburgites and chromitites from South Anhui ophiolites(%)
样品 Fc-3-3 Fc-8-2-1 Fc-9-1 Fc-9-3 Fc-9-4-1 Fc-9-4-2 Fc-8-3-2 Fc-8-3-1 岩性 方辉橄榄岩 Ⅰ类铬铁矿石 Ⅱ类铬铁矿石 点数 7个点
（平均值）17个点
（平均值）12个点
（平均值）7个点
（平均值）5个点
（平均值）9个点
（平均值）11个点
（平均值）12个点
（平均值）SiO2 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.14 TiO2 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.19 0.24 0.28 0.28 0.29 Al2O3 22.29 21.92 19.25 21.85 21.79 22.24 23.18 24.06 Cr2O3 44.43 46.15 48.16 47.63 46.69 45.72 44.51 44.15 FeO 22.40 20.54 21.71 13.82 16.36 16.71 16.98 15.83 MnO 0.32 0.29 0.30 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.21 MgO 9.67 10.21 10.24 14.69 13.58 13.74 13.66 14.18 V2O3 0.35 0.27 0.38 0.17 0.21 0.28 0.30 0.29 ZnO 0.39 0.38 0.26 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.06 NiO 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.14 Total 99.98 99.85 100.42 98.76 99.33 99.39 99.37 99.35 Si 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Al 0.83 0.81 0.72 0.79 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.86 Cr 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.06 Fe3+ 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 Fe2+ 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.32 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 Mn 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 Mg 0.45 0.48 0.48 0.67 0.62 0.63 0.62 0.64 V 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 Zn 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ni 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 3 Mg# 46.00 48.51 48.83 67.67 62.54 63.16 62.62 64.40 Cr# 57.23 58.54 62.68 59.38 58.99 57.97 56.30 55.18 Al# 0.42 0.41 0.36 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.44 Fe3+# 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 (Al2O3)melt - - - 14.93 14.92 14.99 15.14 15.28 (TiO2)melt - - - 0.56 0.65 0.72 0.71 0.72 (FeO/MgO)melt - - - 0.89 1.14 1.15 1.20 1.10 注：Cr#为100×Cr/(Cr+Al)，Mg#为100×Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)，Al#为Al/(Cr+Al+Fe3+)，Fe3+#为Fe3+/(Cr+Al+Fe3+)，(Al2O3)melt、(TiO2)melt据Rollinson（2008）计算，(FeO/MgO)melt据Maurel and Maurel（1982）计算.
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表 3 伏川方辉橄榄岩共生橄榄石和铬尖晶石数据以及温度、氧逸度
Table 3. Olivine and spinel data of Fuchuan harzburgite and their temperature and oxygen fugacity
橄榄石
点号共生铬铁矿点号 铬尖晶石 橄榄石 温度（℃） Δfo2log
(QFM)Fe2+ Mg Fe3+ Al Cr Ti Mg Fe FC-9A-12 FC-9A-13 0.483 0.499 0.090 0.845 1.049 0.014 1.808 0.161 609 0.68 FC-9A-13 FC-9A-15 0.499 0.490 0.058 0.879 1.058 0.003 1.811 0.171 581 -0.14 FC-9A-14 FC-9A-17 0.502 0.483 0.073 0.824 1.093 0.010 1.796 0.168 602 0.20 注：橄榄石和铬尖晶石成分丁炳华等（2008）中方辉橄榄岩样品FC-9A，温度和氧逸度根据 Ballhaus et al.（1991） 计算.
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