Research Advances of Mixed Siliciclastic and Carbonate Sediments in Continental Rift Basins
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摘要: 陆源碎屑与碳酸盐（岩）混合沉积现象普遍发育并已成为有利的油气勘探类型，但陆相断陷盆地混合沉积类型多样、成因复杂，是当今沉积地质学的研究热点和难点.基于渤海油田大量勘探实践及国内外研究成果的调研，归纳总结了陆相断陷盆地混合沉积研究所取得的主要进展，提出了目前混合沉积研究面临的主要问题.陆相混合沉积研究历程可划分为起步阶段、快速发展阶段和综合研究阶段.由于地质条件的差异性，混合沉积岩性鉴定方案并未形成统一的标准.陆相断陷盆地混合沉积具有复杂的成因类型，包括近源混合沉积、远源混合沉积2大类及6种具体沉积类型.渤海油田首次建立了独立的陆相断陷盆地混合沉积相体系.陆相混合沉积形成的主控因素包括稳定的宏观构造背景与局部强断裂活动、盆内局部凸起碎屑供给的不稳定性、相对干旱的气候与较高盐度的水体条件、正向的古地貌背景.近源扇三角洲混合型、近源扇三角洲侧翼型、近源辫状河三角洲侧翼型、远源高能粗粒型混合沉积优质储层是目前较为有利的混合沉积勘探类型.古地理条件约束、地质模式主导是有效的混积型储层预测思路.现阶段陆相混合沉积研究中需要重视的关键性问题主要包括以下几个方面：混合沉积岩性分类方案，钙质壳体生物发育规律及微生物白云岩化作用，细粒混合沉积与页岩油气储层的关系，混积型储层地球物理预测技术.Abstract: Mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sediment formations are widely developed and recently have become favorable petroleum exploration targets with the emergence of unconventional oil and gas plays. It becomes a research focus on continental basin, considering the complex geological conditions and various types of mixed deposition. Based on numerous exploration practices in the Bohai Bay oil field and research investigations in other parts of China and overseas, in this paper, it summarizes the main advances of the deposition of mixed sediments in continental rift basins and discusses several critical issues. The research process of continental mixed sediments can be divided into three stages:(1) infancy stage; (2) stage of rapid development; (3) stage of systematical research. There are various but no universal criteria of petrographic classifications for the mixed sediments because of different geological settings. The genetic types of mixed sediments are various and generally include proximally mixed sedimentation and distally mixed sediments, which could be further divided into 6 specific mixed types. An independent continental sedimentary facies system has been established in the Bohai Bay oil field. The mixing processes are mainly controlled by stable macroscopical tectonic setting and locally intense fault activity, arid climate and saline water, unstable siliciclastic supply of local uplift inside basin and positive paleogeomorphologic unit. Types of proximal fan-delta mixing, proximal fan-delta flank mixing, proximal braided river delta flank mixing and distal high-energy mixing could be excellent lacustrine reservoirs and are the advantageous exploration targets. At present, the relatively effective approach for predicting mixed sediment reservoirs is through investigating the paleogeographic environment and understanding the dominant geological model. Current researches on mixed sediments should be focused on the following key issues:(1) lithologic classification of mixed sediments; (2) growth habit of calcareous shell paleobiology and microbial dolomitization; (3) relationship between fine-grained mixed sediments and shale reservoirs; and (4) seismic prediction technology for mixed sediment reservoirs.
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图 1 混合沉积典型岩石分类方案
①异化粒砂岩；②灰泥质砂岩；③异化粒泥岩；④灰泥质泥岩；⑤砂纸颗粒灰岩；⑥砂质泥晶灰岩；⑦泥质颗粒灰岩；⑧泥质泥晶灰岩. A.泥岩类；B.碳酸盐岩类；C.陆源碎屑岩类；D.混积岩类；E.灰(或云)泥岩类；F.陆屑-泥岩类；G.灰(白云)质泥岩类；H.陆屑质泥岩类；I.泥质灰(白云)岩类；J.泥质陆源碎屑岩类. a.砂/砾岩；b.碳酸盐岩；c.粘土岩/泥岩；d.灰-砂混积岩；e.泥-砂混积岩；f.砂-灰混积岩；g.砂-泥混积岩；h.泥-灰混积岩；i.灰-泥混积岩；j.正混积岩. Ⅰ.陆源碎屑岩体系；Ⅱ1~Ⅱ6.以陆源碎屑为主的混积岩；Ⅱ7~Ⅱ8.以化学成因碳酸盐为主的混积岩；Ⅱ9~Ⅱ10.以生物成因为主的混积岩；Ⅱ11~Ⅱ14.组分均未超过50%的混积岩；Ⅲ.碳酸盐岩体系
Fig. 1. Representative lithologic classification for mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sediments
图 2 渤海油田古近系陆相断陷盆地混合沉积发育模式
Fig. 2. Sedimentary models of Paleogene mixed sediments of continental rift basin in Bohai oil field
图 3 混积岩岩心与微观岩石学特征
a.含生屑砂砾岩岩心，发育生物溶蚀孔，渤海海域QHD29-B井，古近系沙一二段；b.陆源碎屑颗粒与腹足类壳体混合，渤海海域QHD29-B井，古近系沙一二段；c.含砂生屑云岩，生物体腔孔发育，渤海海域QHD36-A井，古近系沙一二段；d.含砂鲕粒云岩，渤海海域BZ36-W井，古近系沙一二段；e.生屑砂岩，渤海海域LD25-A井，古近系沙一二段；f.含砂生屑云岩岩心，渤海海域JZ20-A井，古近系沙一二段；g.鲕粒砂岩，鲕粒与石英颗粒均匀混合，见鲕粒灰岩内碎屑，荷兰De Wijk气田，下三叠统；h.含砂泥晶灰岩，柴达木盆地南102井，新近系；i.泥质纹层与灰质纹层互层，东营凹陷Ny1井，古近系沙四上亚段
Fig. 3. Petrologic features of cores and rock slices of mixed rock
图 4 柴达木盆地远源混合沉积类型
Fig. 4. Distant mixed sedimentary types in the Qaidam basin
图 5 渤海油田古近系陆相断陷盆地混合沉积相模式
Fig. 5. Sedimentary facies model of Paleogene mixed sediments of continental rift basin in Bohai oil field
图 6 渤海油田秦皇岛29-2东构造沙一二段气候及水体特征(据徐伟等(2019)修改)
Fig. 6. Climate and water features of the first to second member of Shahejie Formation in QHD29-2E structure of Bohai oil field (modified by Xu et al.(2019)
图 7 渤海油田环渤中凹陷基底地貌特征
Fig. 7. Topography characteristics of basement around Bozhong depression in Bohai oil field
图 8 混积型优质储层微观特征
a.含生屑砂砾岩，原生孔隙发育，渤海油田QHD36-A井，古近系；b.含生屑中-粗砂岩，碎屑颗粒以石英为主，并普遍发育泥晶白云石包壳，原生粒间孔隙发育，渤海油田LD25-A井，古近系；c.含砂生屑云岩，生物碎片与溶蚀孔隙大量发育，渤海油田QHD36-A井，古近系；d.鲕粒砂岩，粒间孔隙发育，荷兰De Wijk油田，三叠系；e.白云质砂岩，扫描电镜，碎屑颗粒周边发育白云石包壳，渤海油田LD25-A井，古近系；f.含生屑砂砾岩，阴极发光，碎屑颗粒普遍发育橘红色白云石包壳，渤海油田QHD29-B井，古近系
Fig. 8. Microscopic characteristics of Paleogene mixed reservoir
图 9 渤海油田古近系陆相断陷盆地混积型储层预测思路
Fig. 9. Prediction route diagram of Paleogene mixed reservoir of continental rift basin Bohai oil field
图 10 渤海油田古近系混积型储层勘探现状
Fig. 10. Exploration situation of Paleogene mixed reservoir in Bohai oil field
表 1 渤海油田陆相断陷盆地混合沉积相划分方案
Table 1. Classification of mixed sedimentary facies of continental rift basin in Bohai oil field
沉积相 亚相 微相 典型岩石类型 近岸混积扇 近岸混积扇根 近端沟道 正常沟道沉积的砾岩 近岸混积扇中 混积沟道 含生屑砂砾岩 混积碎屑滩 含生屑中-粗粒砂岩 混积生屑滩 含陆屑生屑云岩 近岸混积扇缘 （含生屑）灰质或云质细-粉砂岩 近岸混积滩坝 近岸混积坝 砾质混积坝 含生屑砾岩 砂质混积坝 含生屑砂岩 近岸混积滩 混积碎屑滩 含生屑中-粗砂岩 混积生屑滩 含陆屑生屑白云岩 混积泥晶滩 含粉砂泥晶灰岩/云岩 远岸混积滩坝 远岸混积坝 砾质混积坝 含砾生屑云岩 远岸混积滩 混积生屑滩 （含陆屑）生屑云岩 混积泥晶滩 含粉砂泥晶灰岩/云岩 
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表 2 不同类型混合沉积储层综合评价
Table 2. Comprehensive evaluation of different types of mixed reservoirs
混合沉积类型 累积厚度(m) 粒屑含量 物性（平均孔隙度） 日产油(m3) 实例 近源扇三角洲混合型 200~240 15%左右 17.8% > 1 000 渤海油田秦皇岛29 近源扇三角洲侧翼型 25~40 60%左右 27.6% 100~460 渤海油田秦皇岛36、渤海湾盆地埕东凸起陡坡带 近源辫状河三角洲侧翼型 20~40 10%~15% 25.4% > 1 000 渤海油田旅大25 近源辫状河三角洲废弃型 15 5%~20% 12.5% 36~100 渤海油田渤中36、渤中27 远源高能粗粒型 15~20 60%~70% 23.2% 310~620 渤海油田锦州20、荷兰De Wijk油田 远源低能细粒型 < 15 0~5% 6.5% 低 渤海油田秦皇岛30、渤海湾盆地东营凹陷、柴达木盆地西北区
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