Theoretical Approaches of Survey on Earth's Critical Zone in Basin: An Example from Jianghan Plain, Central Yangtze River
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摘要: 围绕如何运用地球关键带理论解决巨型流域生态环境保护问题，在总结国内外地球关键带研究进展的基础上，结合在长江中游开展的地球关键带调查实践，将流域侵蚀基准面定义为流域地球关键带底边界，建立了流域生态环境问题库、地球四大圈层变量库和人类活动变量库；构建了以典型生态环境问题为导向的、基于地球系统四大圈层、人类活动和时间的六维环境变量矩阵；提出了流域地球关键带横向三断面和垂向五界面的结构概化模型，识别了各断面和界面的共性变量和特征变量.有效突破了传统地球关键带研究局限于小流域、环境变量梯度和生态环境问题相对单一的不足，科学回答了流域地球关键带“在哪里调查”、“调查什么”和“监测什么”的问题，初步构建了流域地球关键带调查理论方法体系，并在江汉平原进行了示范性研究.本文为长江流域地球关键带调查以及长江大保护战略的实施提供了科学依据，并为我国流域地球关键带调查理论方法体系的建立提供探索性经验.Abstract: Around how to use the theories of Earth's Critical Zone (CZ) to resolve ecological environment protection problem of large basin, it defines the base level of erosion for basin as the bottom boundary of CZ in basin, based on the domestic and foreign research progress on CZ in combination with survey on CZ in central Yangtze River basin. It conducted the ecological environment problem library of basin, the variable library of four spheres for earth and the variable library of anthropogenic activities. Based on "four spheres for earth", "anthropogenic activities" and "time", it also constructed the six-dimensional matrix guided by typical ecological environment problems. It proposes that three horizontal-sections and five vertical-interfaces as structural model of CZ in basin, and also identify the common/feature variables of sections and interfaces. According to the above results, we establish preliminary theoretical approaches of survey on CZ in basin and conduct an exemplary research in Jianghan Plain, which breaks through traditional CZ research limitation due to relatively single study on small watershed, gradient of environmental variable and ecological environment problems. We also answer the question on "where to survey", "what to survey" and "what to monitor" of CZ in basin. This study provides a scientific basis for survey of CZ in Yangtze River basin and implementation of Yangtze River protection, and exploratory experiences for the establishment of theoretical approaches of survey on CZ in basin.
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Key words:
- basin /
- Earth's Critical Zone /
- six-dimensional matrix /
- Yangtze River /
- Jianghan plain /
- hydrogeology
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图 3 流域地球关键带垂向界面“五面四体”结构
Fig. 3. The five interfaces-four cubes construction for vertical-interface of Earth's Critical Zone in basin
图 5 长江中游江汉平原特征环境变量分区
Fig. 5. The division for characteristic environmental variables in Jianghan plain, central Yangtze River
图 6 长江中游江汉平原典型图幅地球关键带结构调查与表征
Fig. 6. The survey and characterization of Earth's Critical Zone structure of map-sheet in Jianghan plain, central Yangtze River
图 7 长江中游江汉平原地球关键带监测网部署
Fig. 7. Monitoring network deployment of Earth's Critical Zone in Jianghan plain, central Yangtze River
表 1 四大圈层变量库
Table 1. Variable library of four spheres
圈层名称 变量库 水圈 水量、水质、水位、流速、水温、DO、pH、ORP、TDS、特征组分、蒸发量等 岩石圈 高程/埋深、年龄/暴露时间、岩性、容重、孔隙度、粒度、坡度、矿物、渗透系数、内摩擦角等 大气圈 温度、湿度、气压、风速、降雨、日照、辐射、云覆盖度、能见度、O3/CO2/O2/SO2等 生物圈 生物量、多样性指数、初级生物生产力、酶活性、微生物数量、光合作用、蒸腾量、根系等 
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表 2 流域地球关键带横向断面及垂向界面变量
Table 2. Variables for horizontal-section and vertical-interface of Earth's Critical Zone in basin
典型断面及界面 共性变量 特征变量 盆-山作用断面 地貌、岩性、坡度、水动力强度、流速等 输砂量、矿物、孔隙度、内摩擦角等 地表-地下水作用断面 地表-地下水交换量、水化学特征等 氚同位素、碳氮同位素等 海-陆作用断面 水文交换通量、水化学特征等 Cl-Br二维同位素 大气-植被界面 降水量、蒸散量、气温 温室气体分压、光合作用强度 植被-土壤界面 浅层土壤岩性、土壤水化学、根系结构及密度、土地利用类型 重金属含量、微生物数量、酶活性、土壤呼吸速率 包气带-饱水带界面 包气带厚度、结构、饱和渗透系数、水位 溶质下渗量、毛细水化学、微生物丰度 弱透水层-含水层界面 弱透水层岩性与化学组成、越流强度、孔隙水/地下水化学特征 物质交换通量、界面吸附、反应速率 含水层-基岩界面 区域地层结构、第四纪沉积物厚度、胶结程度 矿物组成、矿物结构水组成、地下水年龄、溶质下渗通量
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表 3 流域地球关键带监测技术与要求
Table 3. Monitoring technologies and requirements for Earth's Critical Zone in basin
监测对象 监测指标 监测技术/仪器 监测频率 气象指标 风速、风向 小型通量塔、传感器 日尺度 气温、光照强度 小型通量塔、传感器 日尺度 湿度、干燥度 传感器 日尺度 降雨量、蒸发量 小型通量塔、传感器 日尺度 地表及地下结构 场地微地貌及地表三维建模(高程、坡度等) 无人机、CCD相机 单次 地表覆盖物信息 无人机、实地调查 单次 场地地质、水文地质结构 GEO-PROBE钻机 单次 场地三维结构 三维激电仪 单次 河床结构 多普勒河道扫描 单次 水 大气水 雨水水化学 雨量计、室内分析测试 月度或季度 地表水 流量、流速、径流深度等 流量/流速仪、声呐 月度或季度 地表水水化学 传感器、室内分析测试 月度或季度 土壤水 土壤水负压 土壤负压计 月度或季度 土壤含水率 TDR探头 日尺度 土壤水水化学 土壤水采样器、室内分析测试 月度或季度 地下水 地下水水位 关键带多水平监测点、传感器 日尺度 地下水流速、流向 地下水流速流向仪 月度或季度 地下水水温、水化学组分 关键带多水平监测点、室内分析测试 月度或季度 土 土壤 土壤剖面结构 包气带剖面观测点 月度或季度 土壤温度、湿度 传感器 日尺度 土壤物理特性(孔隙度、粒径等) 土壤采样器、激光粒度仪、CT扫描 单次 土壤组成与矿物成分 土壤采样器、XRD、XRF 单次 沉积物 河流沉积物 原状沉积物采样器 月度或季度 物理特性(孔隙度、渗透系数等) 水文地质试验、饱和渗透试验 月度或季度 岩性与矿物成分 GEO-PROBE钻机、XRD 单次 元素组成与有机质含量 GEO-PROBE钻机、XRF、元素分析仪 单次 气 大气 地表-大气界面气体通量(CO2或CH4) 静态气体箱 月度或季度 土壤气 土壤剖面气体含量 DIK-土壤气体采样器5212 月度或季度 生 地表植被 植被类型/丰度调查 无人机、野外实地调查 月度或季度 根系 根系观察仪 月度或季度 微生物 土壤酶含量 化学提取法 月度或季度 微生物类型(水、土) 高通量测序 月度或季度
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