Basin-Range Coupling and Tectonic Topography Analysis during Geological Mapping on Covered Area: A Case Study of Turpan-Hami Basin, Eastern Tianshan
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摘要: 西北地区中-新生代以来发育系列断陷盆地，盆地内的覆盖层结构及其与周缘造山带之间的盆山构造地貌关系是研究大陆动力学的基础性问题.在覆盖区地质调查工作中，利用地质学、地球物理学、地球化学、钻探等多种方法手段，可以对覆盖区盆地的结构形态、盆地边界构造属性、沉积物分布特征、沉积过程的源汇体系进行系统的分析研究，帮助深入理解覆盖区的沉积过程、山脉隆升剥露过程以及构造地貌演化过程.基于新疆吐哈盆地覆盖区的地质调查工作，本研究提出并实践了在覆盖区开展盆山构造地貌关系研究的技术方法体系.通过野外地质调查和室内测试分析，结合重力、航磁、地震等地球物理勘探方法以及钻孔岩心分析，系统分析和探讨了哈密盆地中-新生代覆盖层三维结构、控盆控貌构造及源汇系统，建立了研究区与相邻造山带之间的盆山耦合关系及构造地貌演化过程，为覆盖区地质调查过程中开展盆山构造地貌过程的研究提供了示范.Abstract: Since the Mesozoic and Cenozoic,a series of rift basins are developed in the West China. The framework of the sedimentary covering layers in the basin as well as the basin-range coupling and tectonic topography evolution between the basin and surrounding mountains are critical for understanding the geodynamics. During the geological mapping works in the covered area,the sedimentary structure,boundary faults,deposit distribution and provenance of the basin could be analyzed by using geological,geophysical,geochemical and drilling methods. These techniques would help us getting a better understanding on the basin accumulation,mountain exhumation and tectonic topography evolution. Based on the geological mapping project in the Turpan-Hami basin,in this study it proposes and practices the methodologies for the analysis of basin-range coupling and tectonic topography evolution. After detailed geological mapping and analysis,the reginal gravity survey,magnetotelluric sounding,seismic profiling and drilling were performed in the study area. According to the geological observations and geophysical data,in this paper it analyzes and discusses the sediment frameworks in three dimensions,basin-controlled structures and erosion-deposition processes of the eastern Turpan-Hami basin,which contribute to the basin-range coupling and tectonic topography evolution in the eastern Tianshan. This work would provide a typical example for the analysis of basin-range coupling and tectonic topography evolution in covered area.
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图 1 构造、气候、地表地质过程共同控制下的盆山耦合作用(修改自Nichols，2011)
Fig. 1. Tectonic, climatic, and sediment supply controls on basin-range coupling(modified from Nichols, 2011)
图 2 哈密盆地东部早-中侏罗世沉积分布示意及控盆构造
Fig. 2. Early-Middle Jurassic deposition in the eastern Hami basin and the controlling faults
图 3 哈密地区大草滩一带中生代覆盖层三维结构模拟图
Fig. 3. Modeled 3D framework of the Mesozoic covering layer of the Dacaotan area, Hami basin
图 4 早中侏罗世哈密盆地南缘前陆盆地格架
a.哈密盆地南缘大地电磁剖面；b.哈密盆地南缘前陆盆地演化构造模型; J1b.八道湾组；J1s.三工河组；J2x.西山窑组；J2t.头屯河组
Fig. 4. Early-Middle Jurassic foreland basin in the southern Hami basin
图 5 吐哈盆地中生代地层碎屑锆石年龄谱及古水流(交错层理)统计(据Shen et al., 2020c)
Fig. 5. Detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra of the Mesozoic sediments in the Turpan-Hami basin and the paleo-current direction (modified after Shen et al., 2020c)
图 6 东天山-吐哈盆地中生代盆山耦合及构造地貌演化过程示意
a.中晚侏罗世；b.晚侏罗－早白垩世; c.晚白垩世; d.新生代以来.据Shen et al.(2020c)
Fig. 6. Landscape evolution of the Turpan-Hami basin region from the Middle-Late Jurassic to Cenozoic
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