Genesis and Enrichment of Sedimentary Rare Earth in Weining Area, Guizhou Province
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摘要: 贵州威宁地区宣威组底部稀土含矿岩系的成因类型一直有较大争议.在野外实地调查的基础上，运用矿物学、岩相古地理与地球化学等手段进行了系统性研究.结果显示，区内二叠系宣威组底部稀土含矿岩系广泛分布，连续性好，含矿段厚度为2~16 m，并伴生有铌、锆、镓等元素；稀土氧化物平均品位0.15%，最高可达1.60%.主量、微量和稀土元素分析表明威宁地区稀土含矿岩系中含有来自玄武岩及火山灰的典型矿物，稀土配分模式与玄武岩相比具有继承性，研究区化学风化作用较强、成分成熟度较高代表其经过长距离搬运，遭受了改造；峨眉山玄武岩为该稀土层提供了主要物质来源，稀土层受源岩成分的控制，经历了沉积分选及再循环作用，还遭受了来自上地壳的中酸性岩浆物质源区的混染.其成因机制可能为在晚二叠世炎热、潮湿、强风化的环境中，玄武岩经过风化剥蚀后，搬运至沉积基底低洼处的三角洲平原亚相中的洪泛平原微相环境，与火山灰一同沉积沉淀，在风化和淋滤作用下稀土等元素以离子形式被解析出来，从而被吸附性强的高岭石等黏土矿物吸附于表面，或进入矿物晶格，形成富稀土层.Abstract: The genetic types of the rare earth ore-bearing rocks at the bottom of Xuanwei Formation in Weining area,Guizhou Province are controversial. In order to clarify the genetic mechanism and concentration regularity,through field investigation combined with mineralogy,lithofacies paleogeographic features and geochemistry,systematic research has been carried out. The results show that the rare earth ore-bearing rocks at the bottom of the Xuanwei Formation of Permian are widely distributed with good continuity and the thickness of ore-bearing sections varies from 2 to 16 m,and associated with niobium,zirconium,gallium and other elements. The average grade of rare earth oxide element is 0.15%,and the highest grade is up to 1.6%. The analyses of major,trace and rare earth elements shows that the rare earth ore-bearing rocks in Weining area contain typical minerals from basalt and volcanic ash,the rare earth element distribution patterns are inherited from basalt. The chemical weathering in the study area is stronger,and the higher maturity of the ingredients means that it has been transformed after being transported for a long distance. The Emeishan basalt provides the main material source for the rare earth layer. The rare earth layer is controlled by the composition of the source rock,has undergone sedimentary separation and recycling,and has suffered from the mixing of intermediate-acid magmatic material source region from the upper crust.The genetic mechanism is suggested as that the basalt was weathered and denuded in the hot,humid and strongly weathered environment during the Late Permian,after weathering and denudation,the basalt was transported to the flood plain microfacies in the delta plain subfacies between the volcanic depressions,and deposited with the volcanic ash. Under weathering and leaching,the rare earth elements were resolved as ions,and then they were adsorbed on the surface of clay minerals such as kaolinite with strong adsorption ability,or entered into the crystal lattice to form the rare-earth rich layer.
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Key words:
- Weining /
- rare earth element /
- sedimentary /
- lithofacies paleogeography /
- metallogenic model /
- genetic mechanism
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图 1 滇东-黔西吴家坪期构造背景与沉积环境（a）（Wang et al., 2020）和研究区地质图（b）
Fig. 1. Tectonic setting and sedimentary environment of Wujiaping Period in eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou (a) (Wang et al., 2020) and the geological map of the study area (b)
图 2 威宁地区宣威组稀土含矿岩系柱状图及野外照片
Fig. 2. Histogram and field photos of rare earth ore-bearing rocks in Xuanwei Formation in Weining area
图 3 矿石镜下照片
a. 碎屑状结构；b. 斑团状含粉砂泥质结构；c. 凝灰结构；d. 斑团状含粉砂泥质结构
Fig. 3. Microscopic photographs of the ore
图 4 稀土含矿岩系样品X射线衍射分析图谱
d为晶格常数
Fig. 4. X-ray diffraction analysis of rare earth ore-bearing rock samples
图 5 贵州威宁地区宣威组实测钻井（剖面）柱状图（红色为含矿层）
Fig. 5. Histogram of measured drilling (section) of Xuanwei Formation in Weining area, Guizhou Province (red zone is the ore-bearing layer)
图 6 岩性岩相厚度(m)等值线图
a. 浅灰-灰白色黏土岩；b. 灰色-深灰色黏土岩；c. 紫红色及紫灰色黏土岩；d. 灰绿色黏土岩；e. 含砾砂质层；f. 粉砂质层
Fig. 6. lithologic lithofacies thickness (m) contour map
图 7 宣威组含矿岩系典型照片
a. 透镜状分流河道砂体（PM201剖面）；b. 河道砾岩（鲁甸PM501）；c. 分流河道砾岩、砂岩（钻孔ZK315）；d. 洪泛平原黄灰色粉砂岩与灰白色泥岩互层（哲觉PM205）；e. 洪泛平原粉砂质泥岩中植物碎片（PM205剖面）；f. 典型沼泽相沉积（六盘水二塘镇PM601剖面）
Fig. 7. Typical photographs of ore-bearing rocks of Xuanwei Formation
图 8 研究区宣威组沉积期岩相古地理及砂泥比等值线图
Fig. 8. Lithofacies paleogeography and sandstone-claystone ratio isoline map of Xuanwei Formation in the study area
图 9 A-CN-K图解（a）和ICV-CIA图解（b）
图a底图据徐小涛和邵龙义（2018）；实线a和实线b代表未发生钾交代作用的泥质岩风化趋势，实线c代表高岭石向伊利石转变的过程，实线d代表发生钾交代作用的风化趋势，m代表母岩中K2O的比例. 图b底图据Yang et al.（2012）
Fig. 9. A-CN-K diagram (a) and ICV-CIA diagram (b)
图 10 Th/Sc-Zr/Sc图解
底图据McLennan et al.（1993）；峨眉山高钛玄武岩数据引自Xu et al.（2001）.UCC.上地壳；PAAS.澳大利亚后太古代平均页岩
Fig. 10. Th/Sc-Zr/Sc diagram
图 11 全岩球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式（标准化数值据Sun and McDonough, 1989)
Fig. 11. Whole rock chondrite-normalized rare earth patterns (standard values according to Sun and McDonough, 1989)
图 12 哲觉镇一带岩相分布图(a)和稀土元素含量平均值(10-6)等值线图(b)
Fig. 12. The distribution map of rock facies (a) and contour line of the average values of rare earth element content (10-6) (b) in Zhejue Town
图 13 威宁地区宣威组稀土含矿岩系与玄武岩判别图解
a. 砂岩-泥岩的主量元素限定物源区特征图解（底图据Roser and Korsch, 1988）；b. La/Yb-ΣREE判别图（底图据Allègre and Minster, 1978）
Fig. 13. Discrimination diagrams of rare earth rich clay rocks and basalts in Xuanwei Formation, Weining area
图 14 黔西北晚二叠世稀土成矿模式
Fig. 14. Late Permian rare earth metallogenic model in Northwest Guizhou
图 15 黔西北地区稀土含矿岩系古地理与稀土成矿示意图
Fig. 15. Paleogeography and metallogenic diagram of rare earth rich clay rocks in Northwest Guizhou
表 1 威宁地区宣威组稀土含矿岩系全岩X衍射定量分析结果
Table 1. The quantitative analysis results of X-ray diffraction of the rare earth ore-bearing rocks of Xuanwei Formation in Weining area
样品编号 岩性 ΣREE（10-6） 矿物含量(%) 高岭石 赤铁矿 磁铁矿 绿泥石 锐钛矿 方钠石 钠长石 方石英 PM104-4H1 铁质黏土岩 388.52 33.0 22.8 7.5 28.3 8.6 PM104-5H1 铝土质黏土岩 1
144.5190.0 6.2 3.6 PM104-14H1 铝土质黏土岩 1
633.7182.0 4.8 4.7 7.2 
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