Review of Basin Uranium Resources in China
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摘要: 近20多年来，我国在北方6大沉积盆地中陆续发现了系列大型和超大型砂岩型铀矿床，丰富的资源量昭示了沉积盆地是一个巨大的促使铀汇聚的化学反应器.然而，盆地中的铀矿床类型远不止于砂岩型一种，它们一并构成了宝贵的盆地铀资源.将在沉积盆地发展演化过程中，受沉积、成岩和构造作用制约而促使铀富集形成的系列铀矿床，统称为盆地铀资源.充分考虑铀成矿作用的关键制约要素和矿床形成的发育时序，将盆地铀资源划分为同沉积型、不整合型和成岩型三大类13个亚类型矿床.在盆山耦合的构造体制驱动下，铀的变价属性是铀大尺度循环（汇聚与分散）的基础，这使得各种铀矿床之间既具有成因联系又能相互转化.我国已探明盆地铀资源的矿床成因类型、时空分布和资源量规模极不均衡，但是北方砂岩型铀矿床和南方碳硅泥岩型铀矿床构成了盆地铀资源的主体，从而具有“一北一南”、“一陆一海”、“一新一老”的基本格局.目前，北方砂岩型铀矿是我国勘查和开发的重点，然而铀储层结构和物质成分的非均质性极大，地浸采铀技术亟需革新以适宜多数砂岩型铀矿床的开发.同时，需要在新地区、新层位发现更多新类型铀矿床，还需要依赖技术研发盘活已发现的以南方碳硅泥岩型铀矿床为代表的“超低孔渗”、“富有机质”、“深埋藏”的系列“呆矿”.Abstract: In the past 20 years,a series of large and super-large sandstone type uranium deposits have been discovered in six sedimentary basins in the northern China. The abundant uranium resources indicate that the sedimentary basin is a huge chemical reactor for uranium concentration. However,the types of uranium deposits in the basin are far more than sandstone type,which together constitute valuable uranium resources in the basin. In the course of development and evolution of sedimentary basins,a series of uranium deposits restricted by sedimentation,diagenesis and tectonism are collectively referred to as basin uranium resources. Fully considering the key constraints of uranium mineralization and the development sequence of deposit formation,the uranium resources in the basin can be divided into three categories,i.e.,synsedimentary type,unconformity type and diagenetic type,and 13 subtypes. Driven by the tectonic system of basin mountain coupling,the variable valence property of uranium is the basis of large-scale uranium cycle (convergence and dispersion),which makes various uranium deposits have genetic connection and mutual transformation. The genetic type,spatial and temporal distribution and resource scale of uranium resources in proven basins in China are extremely unbalanced. However,uranium resources in the basin show the basic pattern of "one north and one south","one land and one sea" and "one new and one old",with sandstone type uranium deposits dominating in the north and carbonaceous siliceous mudstone type uranium deposits dominating in the south. At present,sandstone type uranium deposits in northern China are the focus of exploration and development in China. However,the heterogeneity of uranium reservoir structure and material composition requires that in-situ leaching uranium mining technology needs to be innovated to suit the development of most sandstone type uranium deposits. At the same time,it needs to find more new types of uranium deposits in new areas and new horizons,and needs to rely on technological research and development to activate the discovered series dead mines of "ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability","rich organic matter" and "deep buried depth" represented by the southern carbonaceous siliceous mudstone type uranium deposits.
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图 1 二连盆地西部努和廷同沉积泥岩型铀矿床
据焦养泉等(2015a, 2015b)修改. a. 湖泊相富分散有机质和黄铁矿的含石膏泥岩（铀矿石）；b. 小层序中铀矿化与湖泊扩展事件关系；c. 湖泊扩展体系域与含矿性叠合图，显示铀矿化与湖泊中心及其伴生的三角洲前缘关系密切；d. 湖泊扩展体系域发育时期的铀成矿模式
Fig. 1. Nuheting synsedimentary mudstone type uranium deposit in western Erlian Basin
图 2 塔里木盆地库车坳陷西北缘卡拉布拉克浊积岩型铀矿点野外露头
据焦养泉等（2020）. a. 夹于红色泥岩中的浊积岩（极细砂岩）；b. 薄层席状铀矿体（放射性为840×10-6），红色泥岩（放射性为210×10-6~230×10-6）
Fig. 2. Kalabulake turbidite type uranium deposit in northwest margin of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 3 阿萨巴斯卡盆地帕特森湖南高品位富矿冰川漂砾与原生不整合型铀矿床关系
据Ainsworth et al.（2012）. a. 不同性质铀矿的成因关系剖面图；b. 地表出露的高品位富矿冰川漂砾
Fig. 3. Relationship between glacial boulders in high grade rich ores and primary uranium deposits in Paterson, Athabasca Basin
图 4 泥炭田铀矿化的现代实例
据Kochenov et al.（1965）. a. 泥炭田中矿化的平面分布；b. 通过泥炭田的沉积剖面
Fig. 4. A modern example of uranium mineralization in peat fields
图 5 层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿成矿模式(据Harshman，1972修改)
Fig. 5. Metallogenic model of interlayer oxidation zone type sandstone uranium deposit (modified from Harshman, 1972)
图 6 不同类型的氧化带及其与外生后成铀矿化的关系
据Максимова and Шмариович（1993）. 1.基底岩石；2.细砾石；3.砂岩；4.粉砂岩；5.粘土；6.含碳质碎屑的原生灰色岩石；7.原生红色岩石；8.断裂；9.多裂隙带；10.地下水位；11.含氧含铀地下水运动方向；12.无氧、不含铀地下水运动方向；13.地表氧化带；14.孔隙潜水氧化带；15.孔隙层间水氧化带；16.裂隙水氧化带；17.铀矿化
Fig. 6. Different types of oxidation zones and their relationship with exogenic-epigenetic uranium mineralization
图 7 沉积盆地中铀成矿多样性及其内在成因联系示意图
Fig. 7. Uranium metallogenic diversity and its internal genetic relationship in sedimentary basins
图 8 地壳演化过程中各类铀矿床相互转化机理与过程示意
据焦养泉等（2020）. a. 富铀的碳硅泥岩和碳硅泥岩型铀矿形成；b. 岩浆侵位并远程波及影响到碳硅泥岩型铀矿床；c.岩浆继续侵位，吞食碳硅泥岩型铀矿和富铀碳硅泥岩，导致富铀岩浆形成，并在有利的构造和环境中形成花岗岩型铀矿；d. 区域构造变革，花岗岩体及围岩地层遭受抬升剥蚀沦为蚀源区，各种铀被氧化为U6+，同时新的沉积盆地形成；e. 借助水系U6+被输送到湖盆，在湖泊底部U6+被富有机质泥岩（潜在烃源岩）吸附还原成U4+而形成泥岩型铀矿，与此同时在盆缘形成潜在的储层砂岩，并在适当的古气候条件下发育泥炭沼泽；f. 盆地进一步埋深和演化，有机质成熟形成煤层、煤层气，烃源岩排烃形成油藏，盆缘发生表生成岩作用（层间氧化作用）而形成砂岩型铀矿，从而构成多种能源矿产同盆共存富集的基本格局
Fig. 8. Mutual transformation mechanism and process of various uranium deposits during crustal evolution
图 9 中国主要盆地铀资源分布的基本格局及其与岩石圈板块构造关系
北方陆相盆地砂岩型铀矿床：1.伊犁盆地南缘铀矿田；2.吐哈盆地南缘十红滩铀矿床；3.鄂尔多斯盆地北部东胜铀矿田；4.鄂尔多斯盆地南部店头-双龙铀矿床；5.巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床；6.二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿田；7.松辽盆地钱家店铀矿田. 南方海相盆地碳硅泥岩型铀矿成矿区：8.雪峰山；9.黔中-川东南；10.幕阜山-修水；11.丰城-上饶；12.皖南-浙西北；13.湘中；14.越城岭-苗儿山；15.大容山；16.西大明山；17.若尔盖；18.洛阳；19.安康-桂平；20.豫中成矿区；21龙门山；22.康滇地轴南部；23.信丰；24.柯坪；25.库鲁克塔格；26.马鬃山. 北方陆相盆地泥岩型铀矿床：27.二连盆地努和廷铀矿床. 铀矿床和成矿区资料据赵凤民（2012）和焦养泉等（2015a）修编；岩石圈板块构造图据马丽芳（2002）简化
Fig. 9. Basic distribution pattern of uranium resources in major basins of China and its relationship with lithospheric plate tectonics
表 1 盆地铀资源的成因分类
Table 1. Genetic classification of uranium resources in basins
成因类型 高级
控制因素低级控制因素 盆地铀资源亚类型 国内外典型矿床实例 同沉积型 古环境古气候 湖泊环境+干旱气候 湖水型铀矿 塔吉克斯坦萨瑟库里湖矿床 湖泊环境+干旱气候+暗色淤泥(强还原剂) 泥岩型铀矿 二连盆地努和廷铀矿床、潮水盆地大红山铀矿床 干旱气候 钙结岩型铀矿 澳大利亚伊利里铀矿床、纳米比亚兰格海因里希铀矿床、我国西北地区矿化点 沉积搬运作用 缺氧环境+水道搬运沉积 石英砾岩型铀矿 南非维特沃特斯兰德盆地的德里霍特恩金-铀矿床、加拿大的布兰德河-艾利奥特湖铀矿床 冰川搬运沉积 冰碛岩型铀矿 加拿大阿萨巴斯卡盆地帕特森湖白垩纪冰碛砾岩转石堆积铀矿床 生物沉积作用 低等生物遗体大量堆积+滨浅海环境+水体缺氧硫化事件 碳硅泥岩型铀矿(大部分经历了后期的浅变质、构造和盆地热流体叠加改造) 若尔盖铀矿田 磷块岩型铀矿 贵州铜仁坝黄铀矿床、金沙岩孔铀矿床 鱼骨化石沉积物+滨浅海环境 鱼骨-磷酸盐型铀矿 哈萨克斯坦里海东北部麦洛沃耶矿床等 沉积环境变化+物源供给变化 煤岩型铀矿(泥炭沼泽形成过程中富集成矿) 不整合型 沉积间断
不整合界面盆地(热)流体+石墨(还原介质) 不整合型铀矿(原矿与石墨有关) 加拿大北萨斯喀彻温铀矿省雪茄湖铀矿床、澳大利亚北部派因-克里克铀矿省兰杰铀矿床 成岩型 表生成岩作用
（后生蚀变作用）
（水-岩作用）
(氧化-还原环境)砂岩型铀矿(水成铀矿) 层间渗入氧化型 伊犁铀矿田、十红滩铀矿床、巴彦床乌拉铀矿田、钱家店铀矿田、巴音戈壁铀矿田 潜水氧化型 测老庙铀矿床 古河谷型 俄罗斯外乌拉尔铀矿田、西西伯利亚铀矿田 构造-岩性型 法国Lodève盆地Mas Lavayre铀矿床、加蓬奥克洛铀矿床 元古代与岩墙群有关的砂岩铀矿 澳大利亚Westmoreland铀矿田、澳大利亚Alligator Rivers铀矿田、加拿大Otish盆地Matoush铀矿床 古砂岩型铀矿(古层间渗入氧化型)(成矿较早，经历后期改造) 鄂尔多斯盆地东胜铀矿田、塔里木盆地西北缘萨瓦甫齐铀矿床 
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表 2 古气候的变迁与铀循环的关系(据毛裕年和闵永明，1989)
Table 2. Relationship between paleoclimate change and uranium cycle (according to Mao and Min, 1989)
气候类型 铀的活化与浸出 铀的迁移与沉淀 炎热潮湿 风化强烈，铀易被大量浸出，形成很厚的风化壳 水量充沛，铀被带至海区；气温高，有机质和硫化物易氧化，铀以吸附或还原方式固定 干旱 化学风化微弱，以物理风化为主；环境氧化，水分不足，使铀的浸出受到影响 整体氧化背景中存在局部还原场，易造成铀的富集；碱性地球化学环境易形成铀黑 温和潮湿 热量不足，化学风化受到限制而影响铀的浸出 风化壳为酸性，易形成次生铀矿物；水量充沛，铀在介质中矿化度降低 干冷 以物理风化为主，铀难以被浸出 气温低，有机质氧化缓慢，易呈铀酰络合物稳定迁移，使铀沉淀受到影响
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