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    湘西-黔东地区碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床成矿模式

    李堃 刘飞 赵武强 赵少瑞 汤朝阳 段其发 曹亮

    李堃, 刘飞, 赵武强, 赵少瑞, 汤朝阳, 段其发, 曹亮, 2021. 湘西-黔东地区碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床成矿模式. 地球科学, 46(4): 1151-1172. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.314
    引用本文: 李堃, 刘飞, 赵武强, 赵少瑞, 汤朝阳, 段其发, 曹亮, 2021. 湘西-黔东地区碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床成矿模式. 地球科学, 46(4): 1151-1172. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.314
    Li Kun, Liu Fei, Zhao Wuqiang, Zhao Shaorui, Tang Zhaoyang, Duan Qifa, Cao Liang, 2021. Metallogenic Model of Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou Provinces, South China. Earth Science, 46(4): 1151-1172. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.314
    Citation: Li Kun, Liu Fei, Zhao Wuqiang, Zhao Shaorui, Tang Zhaoyang, Duan Qifa, Cao Liang, 2021. Metallogenic Model of Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou Provinces, South China. Earth Science, 46(4): 1151-1172. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.314

    湘西-黔东地区碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床成矿模式

    doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.314
    基金项目: 

    中国地质调查局项目 1212011121100

    中国地质调查局项目 DD20160034

    详细信息
      作者简介:

      李堃(1983-), 男, 正高级工程师, 博士, 从事矿床学研究工作.ORCID: 0000-0002-6493-3921.E-mail: likungeo@foxmail.com

    • 中图分类号: P597;P611

    Metallogenic Model of Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou Provinces, South China

    • 摘要: 湘西-黔东地区位于扬子陆块东南缘,在该地区碳酸盐岩地层中,目前已发现大、中、小型铅锌矿床及矿点200余处.为了解湘西-黔东地区铅锌矿床成矿作用过程,系统总结了区内主要铅锌矿床地质与地球化学特征,并对成矿机制进行探讨,建立成矿模式.区内铅锌矿床主要赋存于下寒武统碳酸盐岩中,分布明显受断裂及褶皱构造控制,矿体主要为层状、似层状或透镜状,矿物组成主要为闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、方解石及少量萤石、重晶石和沥青,并伴随着广泛的以方解石化为主的热液蚀变.闪锌矿与方解石中的流体包裹体均一温度集中在120~200℃之间,盐度集中在8%~20%(NaCleqv)之间;成矿期方解石的δ13CPDB值范围为-4.89‰~1.50‰,δ18OSMOW值范围为13.37‰~25.09‰,略低于碳酸盐围岩;矿石硫化物δ34S值变化范围为22.3‰~36.1‰,以富含重硫为主;矿石硫化物铅同位素组成较为均一,变化范围较小,206Pb/204Pb在17.952~18.678之间,207Pb/204Pb在15.635~15.832之间,208Pb/204Pb在38.015~39.255之间.对地质和地球化学资料的综合分析表明,湘西-黔东地区铅锌矿床成矿流体为低温、中高盐度热卤水,主要来源于建造水和大气降水,成矿流体中的碳主要来源于碳酸盐围岩的溶解作用,硫来源于碳酸盐岩地层中硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR),铅锌主要来源于下伏地层,成矿时代为晚志留世-早泥盆世,属于比较典型的密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床.综合以上分析建立了该地区铅锌矿床有机质参与下的多源流体混合成矿模式.

       

    • 图  1  湘西-黔东地区大地构造位置(a)和地质简图(b)

      图a据胡召齐(2011)修改;图b据李堃等(2014)修改

      Fig.  1.  Geotectonic location (a) and geological sketch (b) of West Hunan and East Guizhou

      图  2  湘西-黔东地区下寒武统地层柱状图

      李堃等(2014)修改

      Fig.  2.  Stratigraphic sequence of Lower Cambrian in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      图  3  湘西花垣李梅铅锌矿床9号勘探线剖面图

      杨绍祥等(2006)修改

      Fig.  3.  Prospecting line profile of Huayuan Pb-Zn ore field

      图  4  湘西-黔东地区铅锌矿床典型矿石野外照片

      a.细粒斑点状闪锌矿分布于灰岩中; b.闪锌矿分布于团块状方解石边缘; c.闪锌矿分布于脉状方解石两侧; d.闪锌矿、黄铁矿呈环带状分布于方铅矿边缘; e.闪锌矿、黄铁矿分布于方解石中; f.紫色萤石与闪锌矿分布于方解石中; g.结晶较好的沥青与闪锌矿、方解石共生; h.闪锌矿分布于致密块状重晶石边缘; i.细粒状闪锌矿分布于白云石中

      Fig.  4.  Field photos of typical ores of Pb-Zn ore deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      图  5  湘西-黔东地区主要铅锌矿床成矿流体均一温度盐度散点

      MVT. 密西西比河谷型; SEDEX. 喷流-沉积型; VMS. 块状硫化物型. 底图据Kesler(2005)修改. 图中数据来源见表 2

      Fig.  5.  Scatter diagram of homogenization temperatures and salinities of ore-forming fluid of the Pb-Zn deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      图  6  湘西-黔东地区主要铅锌矿床围岩与方解石δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW

      底图据刘建明和刘家军(1997)修改, 图中数据来源见表 3

      Fig.  6.  δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW diagram of the carbonate rocks and calcite of Pb-Zn ore deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      图  7  湘西-黔东地区主要铅锌矿床中硫化物硫同位素直方图

      图中数据来源见表 4

      Fig.  7.  Sulfur isotope histogram for sulfides of Pb-Zn ore deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      图  8  湘西-黔东地区主要铅锌矿床硫化物及围岩207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb构造环境演化图解

      底图据Zartman and Doe(1981)修改, 图中数据来源见表 5

      Fig.  8.  207Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb diagram for sulfides and wall rock of the Pb-Zn ore deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      图  9  湘西-黔东地区铅锌汞矿化与古油藏分布简图

      刘劲松等(2012)修改

      Fig.  9.  Sketch map showing the distribution of Pb, Zn and Hg mineralization and paleo-oil reservoir in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      图  10  湘西-黔东地区赋存于下寒武统碳酸盐岩中铅锌矿床成矿模式

      Pt.元古界; Nh-Z.南华系-震旦系; $ {\rm{\rlap{--} C}}$ 1n.下寒武统牛蹄塘组; $ {\rm{\rlap{--} C}}$1s.下寒武统石牌组; $ {\rm{\rlap{--} C}}$1q1-2.下寒武统清虚洞组第一、二段; $ {\rm{\rlap{--} C}}$1q3-4.下寒武统清虚洞组第3、4段; $ {\rm{\rlap{--} C}}$1q5.下寒武统清虚洞组第5段

      Fig.  10.  Metallogenic model of the Lower Cambrian carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      表  1  湘西-黔东地区赋存于下寒武统中的主要铅锌矿床地质特征

      Table  1.   Geological characteristics of the Pb-Zn deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      矿床名称 规模 地理位置 构造位置 矿体特征 矿物组成 围岩蚀变 矿石品位 资料来源
      大脑坡 大型 距花垣县南西约2 km 位于花垣-张家界断裂西段南侧 呈层状、似层状、透镜状产出,与岩层接近整合状,总体产状平缓,倾向南东,倾角3°~10°.单矿体厚1~10 m,间距3~15 m 闪锌矿为主,次为方铅矿、黄铁矿;方解石为主,次为白云石,少量重晶石、石英及微量萤石、沥青 方解石化、重晶石化、硅化 锌1%~4%,铅0.1%~0.8% 毛党龙(2016)
      李梅 大型 距花垣县南西约10 km 位于北东向吉硐坪背斜南东翼,北东向花垣-石耶司正-平错断层南东侧 呈层状、似层状、透镜状、扁豆状与围岩整合产出,长一般200 m,宽几m至40 m 闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,黄铁矿少量;方解石、重晶石为主,萤石、石英、沥青次之 方解石化、重晶石化、黄铁矿化、硅化、褪色化 锌3.48%,铅0.22%
      渔塘(狮子山) 大型 距花垣县南西约21 km 位于竹子寨-大雅堡背斜北西西翼,北北东向熬溪-平头司逆断层北西侧 呈似层状、层状,长400~700 m,宽50~380 m 闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,次有黄铁矿及次生褐铁矿、白铅矿;方解石为主,重晶石、白云石次之 方解石化、黄铁矿化、硅化、褪色重结晶化 锌3.18%,铅1.50%
      土地坪 大型 距花垣县南西约18 km,南距渔塘矿区4 km 位于竹子寨-大雅堡背斜北西西翼,北北东向熬溪-平头司逆断层北西侧 呈透镜状、扁豆状产出,长250 m,厚4 m,延伸100 m 闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,黄铁矿次之;方解石、重晶石为主,萤石、沥青次之 方解石化、黄铁矿化、白云石化、褪色重结晶化 锌3.0%,铅0.1%~1.5%
      大石沟 大型 距花垣县南西约20 km 位于竹子寨-大雅堡背斜北西西翼 呈层状、似层状顺层产出,局部呈透镜状 闪锌矿、方铅矿为主;方解石为主 方解石化、黄铁矿化褪色化 锌2%~3%,铅1%
      杉木冲 小型 距花垣县南西约34 km 位于竹子寨-大雅堡背斜南东东翼 呈似层状、马鞍状,呈北东-南西向出露长达900 m,厚度为1~10 m 方铅矿、闪锌矿为主,黄铁矿次之;方解石、白云石为主,石英少量 白云石化、方解石化、硅化 铅1%~5%,锌0.5%~3.0%
      水源寨 小型 距松桃县南西约15 km 位于竹子寨-大雅堡背斜南东东侧,熬溪-平头司逆断层南东东侧 呈似层状、豆荚状,长200 m,厚4 m,延伸100 m左右 方铅矿为主,闪锌矿次之;方解石为主,重晶石次之 常见褪色化,次有方解石化、白云石化、黄铁矿化 铅0.60%,锌0.12%
      嗅脑 小型 距松桃县南西约11 km,嗅脑巴巴寨一带 位于竹子寨-大雅堡背斜南东东侧,熬溪-平头司逆断层南东东侧 呈巢状、囊状、扁豆状产于矿化带内 方铅矿为主,闪锌矿次之,偶见黄铁矿;方解石为主,次为重晶石、白云石,偶见萤石 以方解石化、白云石化为主,次为萤石化、沥青化及褪色化 铅0.58%~1.95%,锌0.51%~5.71% 李堃等(2018b)
      塘边坡 中型 距铜仁市南西约10 km 位于北东向的黄家院断裂以及北北东向的文笔峰、铜仁断裂北西侧 呈层状、似层状或透镜状,走向长约380~470 m,倾向延伸200~330 m,矿体一般厚度为1.70~3.20 m 闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,黄铁矿次之;方解石为主,次为萤石、重晶石和沥青 重结晶作用、方解石化、重晶石化、黄铁矿化,偶见萤石化 铅1.02%、锌1.96% 于玉帅等(2017a)
      卜口场 中型 距铜仁市南西约12 km 位于北东向的黄家院断裂以及北北东向的文笔峰、铜仁断裂南东侧 呈层状、似层状或透镜状,中部矿体厚度较大,往两侧逐渐变薄,平均厚8.1 m 闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,黄铁矿次之;方解石为主,次为萤石、重晶石和沥青 重结晶作用、方解石化、重晶石化、黄铁矿化,偶见萤石化 铅0.50%、锌2.31% 于玉帅等(2017a)
      都坪 小型 距镇远县北北东约30 km 位于龙田背斜之北西翼,大坪及乱洞溪断层之间 呈层状、似层状,可分为7个矿体,长200~1 100 m,一般500~600 m,各矿体厚度为0.65~1.13 m 方铅矿、闪锌矿为主,黄铁矿次之;方解石、白云石为主,重晶石次之 方解石化、白云石化及轻微的黄铁矿化、硅化 铅0.88%~2.34%、锌0.59%~6.88%
      牛角塘 中型 距都匀市以东约12 km 位于王司复背斜的南段,曼洞断裂的北西侧 呈似层状和透镜状产出,平均长300 m、宽200 m,厚度变化范围为0.31~3.90 m,平均厚1.43 m 闪锌矿为主,次为黄铁矿、菱锌矿、方铅矿、白铁矿,偶见硫镉矿、菱镉矿、方镉矿;白云石为主,次为方解石、重晶石 白云石化和黄铁矿化,以及少量的硅化 锌3.75%~6.62%
      注:①湖南省地质局区域地质测量队, 1964, 中华人民共和国矿产图说明书(1∶20万吉首幅); ②贵州省地质局一〇八队, 1965, 中华人民共和国区域矿产调查报告(1∶20万镇远幅); ③贵州省地质局区域地质队, 1965, 中华人民共和国矿产图说明书(1∶20万都匀幅).
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  2  湘西-黔东地区主要铅锌矿床流体包裹体特征及参数

      Table  2.   Microthermometric data and characteristics of fluid inclusions of the Pb-Zn deposits of West Hunan and East Guizhou

      地点 矿床名称 寄主矿物 包裹体个数 大小(μm) 气液比(%) 均一温度(℃) 冰点温度(℃) 盐度(%) 密度(g/cm3) 数据来源
      花垣 李梅 闪锌矿 38 2 ~ 10 5 ~ 15 93 ~ 222 -18.5~-19.7 13.62 ~ 21.33 1.02 ~ 1.07 李堃等, 2018a
      方解石 75 3 ~ 15 5 ~ 25 111 ~ 228 -19.6~-3.0 4.96 ~ 22.44 0.90 ~ 1.11
      土地坪 闪锌矿 9 3 ~ 10 5 ~ 10 92 ~ 170 -16.1~-12.1 16.14 ~ 19.71 1.03 ~ 1.10
      方解石 46 4 ~ 12 10 ~ 20 92 ~ 214 -19.2~-2.2 3.69 ~ 22.09 0.90 ~ 1.12
      大石沟 闪锌矿 4 2 ~ 8 5 ~ 10 115 ~ 152 -15.7~-9.7 13.72 ~ 19.40 1.04 ~ 1.07
      方解石 99 3 ~ 18 5 ~ 25 94 ~ 232 -19.6~-3.4 5.56 ~ 22.44 0.91 ~ 1.11
      松桃 嗅脑 闪锌矿 8 2 ~ 10 5 ~ 10 93 ~ 198 -18.2~-6.3 9.60 ~ 21.11 0.98 ~ 1.17 李堃, 2018
      方解石 14 3 ~ 10 5 ~ 15 99 ~ 202 -17.5~-3.6 5.86 ~ 20.82 0.98 ~ 1.08
      铜仁 卜口场 闪锌矿 9 3 ~ 12 5 ~ 10 89 ~ 177 -19.5~-10.6 14.63 ~ 22.31 1.02 ~ 1.13 李堃, 2018
      方解石 25 3 ~ 15 5 ~ 20 88 ~ 184 -18.0~-5.5 8.28 ~ 21.20 1.01 ~ 1.13
      塘边坡 闪锌矿 36 4 ~ 16 5 ~ 20 98 ~ 193 -18.3~-5.9 9.1 ~ 21.2 0.98 ~ 1.10 于玉帅等, 2017a
      方解石 63 4 ~ 25 5 ~ 20 92 ~ 190 -18.0~-5.8 8.9 ~ 21.1 0.98 ~ 1.10
      都匀 牛角塘 浅色闪锌矿 11 2 ~ 6 1 ~ 30 117 ~ 172 -12.7~-5.9 9.10 ~16.70 0.99 ~ 1.05 叶霖等, 2000
      深色闪锌矿 15 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 10 101 ~ 143 -11.9~-7.4 11.00 ~ 15.90 1.00 ~ 1.06
      方解石 12 2 ~ 5 5 ~ 10 90 ~ 128 -3.7~-1.5 2.50 ~ 6.00 0.96 ~ 0.99
      白云石 5 3 ~ 12 5 ~ 8 110 ~ 120 -2.9~-2.3 3.80 ~ 4.80 0.97 ~ 0.98
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  3  湘西-黔东地区主要铅锌矿床碳、氧同位素组成

      Table  3.   Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis results of the Pb-Zn deposits of West Hunan and East Guizhou

      地点 矿床名称 测试对象 δ13CPDB δ18OPDB δ18OSMOW 数据来源
      范围(‰) 均值(‰) 范围(‰) 均值(‰) 范围(‰) 均值(‰)
      花垣 李梅 方解石 -4.89~0.64 -0.72 -16.97~-8.86 -10.75 13.37~21.73 19.78 李堃等,2018a
      花垣 大石沟 方解石 -2.95~0.18 -1.33 -13.62~-8.68 -11.93 16.82~21.91 18.56 李堃等,2018a
      花垣 土地坪 方解石 -1.64~0.17 -0.67 -14.06~-8.33 -11.10 16.37~22.27 19.42 李堃等,2018a
      花垣 渔塘 方解石 -2.98~-0.18 -1.81 -13.73~-10.80 -12.67 16.71~19.73 17.80 李堃等,2014
      松桃 嗅脑 方解石 -1.23~0.42 -0.58 -15.05~-12.23 -14.22 15.35~18.25 16.20 李堃等,2014
      铜仁 塘边坡 方解石 0.50~1.50 0.98 -9.50~-5.60 -8.25 21.07~25.09 22.36 于玉帅等, 2017a
      花垣 李梅 灰岩 0.29~1.17 0.67 -9.80~-8.83 -9.28 20.76~22.06 21.43 夏新阶和舒见闻, 1995; 蔡应雄等, 2014; 周云等, 2016
      花垣 大石沟 灰岩 -0.79~2.39 0.96 -11.69~-4.23 -9.61 18.81~22.13 20.40 周云等, 2016
      松桃 嗅脑 灰岩 0.33~1.45 0.76 -10.89~-8.19 -9.52 19.63~22.42 21.05 李堃等, 2014
      铜仁 塘边坡 灰岩 1.07~1.70 1.33 -9.98~-8.09 -8.93 20.57~22.52 21.65 李堃等, 2014
      都匀 牛角塘 白云岩 0.43~0.87 0.65 / / 20.19~20.72 20.51 王华云, 1993
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  4  湘西-黔东地区主要铅锌矿床硫同位素组成

      Table  4.   Sulfur isotopic compositions of Pb-Zn deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      地点 矿床名称 δ34S(‰) 数据来源
      范围(‰) 均值(‰)
      花垣 李梅 27.0~34.7 30.7 蔡应雄等, 2014李堃等,2017
      大石沟 24.5~33.1 29.9
      土地坪 25.2~32.2 30.0
      狮子山 24.9~34.1 30.2
      松桃 嗅脑 26.3~34.9 31.4 李堃等, 2018b; 蔡应雄等, 2014
      铜仁 卜口场 22.8~35.8 29.2 蔡应雄等, 2014
      塘边坡 25.2~36.1 30.1 于玉帅等, 2017b
      都匀 牛角塘 22.3~28.6 25.8 叶霖等, 2005
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  5  湘西-黔东地区主要铅锌矿床铅同位素组成

      Table  5.   Lead isotopic compositions of Pb-Zn ore deposits in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      地点 矿床名称 测试对象 206Pb/204Pb 207Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb 数据来源
      范围(‰) 均值(‰) 范围(‰) 均值(‰) 范围(‰) 均值(‰)
      花垣 李梅 闪锌矿、方铅矿 18.153~18.214 18.186 15.699~15.746 15.720 38.305~38.489 38.392 李堃等,2017
      大石沟 闪锌矿、方铅矿 18.139~18.678 18.307 15.691~15.832 15.761 38.300~39.255 38.693
      松桃 嗅脑 闪锌矿、方铅矿 17.952~18.262 18.134 15.641~15.811 15.720 38.015~38.663 38.331 蔡应雄等, 2014; 李堃等, 2018b
      铜仁 塘边坡 闪锌矿、方铅矿 18.181~18.230 18.207 15.729~15.790 15.764 38.389~38.584 38.506 于玉帅等, 2017b
      花垣 / 清虚洞组白云岩 18.878~19.064 18.971 15.751~15.783 15.767 38.520~38.687 38.604 Schneider et al., 2002
      清虚洞组灰岩 18.181~18.391 18.286 15.748~15.758 15.753 38.446~38.463 38.455
      石牌组页岩 19.265 / 15.858 / 40.357 /
      牛蹄塘组黑色页岩 21.863 / 15.914 / 38.754 /
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  6  湘西花垣-黔东松桃地区地层中Pb、Zn元素含量

      Table  6.   Pb and Zn value (10-6) of the strata of Huayuan-Songtao district in West Hunan and East Guizhou

      地层 Pb含量范围 平均值 Zn含量范围 平均值 样品数(个)
      寒武系高台组 5.49~17.60 12.10 22.30~130.00 48.13 8
      寒武系清虚洞组白云岩段 3.61~12.00 7.55 10.10~56.20 26.35 16
      寒武系清虚洞组灰岩段 1.85~28.60 14.32 12.80~82.90 34.45 18
      寒武系石牌组 1.84~62.00 32.26 82.50~134.00 108.40 8
      寒武系牛蹄塘组 15.30~89.10 36.32 30.00~159.00 71.90 20
      震旦系灯影组 4.46~7.43 5.95 53.80~73.60 63.70 2
      震旦系陡山沱组(底部) 11.40 11.40 52.50 52.50 1
      南华系南沱组 9.99~30.30 17.94 56.70~138.00 97.24 5
      南华系大塘坡组 13.60~28.60 22.87 79.40~144.00 109.53 4
      南华系古城组 36.00~39.60 37.80 27.70~69.50 48.60 2
      青白口系五强溪组 7.58~57.70 18.87 65.50~137.00 103.85 11
      青白口系马底驿组 8.04~35.60 20.00 80.50~156.00 113.15 11
      克拉克值 12.00 94.00
      注:表中数据来源于刘劲松等(2012).
      下载: 导出CSV
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