Principles and Methods to Division of Tectonostratigraphic Regions for Geochronologic Periods:Exemplified by Cambrian Period
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摘要: 基础地质调查的首项任务就是查清不同构造-地层区划单元内的地层层序和时代.因此，开展构造-地层区划和建立地层格架，是矿产能源、水文环境和工程地质等工作不可缺少的一项奠基性工作.本文强调构造、沉积和气候环境等对地层发育的主控作用，并提出断代构造-地层区划定义为：是指对一个国家或地区某一地质发展阶段(如新元古代，寒武纪等)内形成的地层，通过对其形成的构造环境、沉积和气候环境、岩石组合、古生物组合、地球物理和地球化学特征等记录的综合调查分析对比后，所进行的地层地理分布划分.根据新含义，本文以中国寒武纪构造-地层区划为实例，拟定出构造-地层区划的主要依据是：全球洋陆重建分布、地层建造大类、基底和盖层地层序列和洋陆转化时间、地层序列完整性与接触关系、地层岩性岩相序列对比、造山带对接缝合带洋板块地层分布与特征、造山带叠接缝合带洋板块地层分布与特征、生物古地理区系、构造-岩相古地理格局、古气候分区、区划边界11条识别标志.Abstract: One of the key tasks in geological survey is to establish the chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic sequences among different tectonic regions,forming fundamental for explorations of mineral energy,hydrological environment and engineering geology.Here it emphasize the primary controlling roles of structure,sedimentation and climatic environment in stratigraphic development,and proposes a definition for regional tectonostratigraphic divisions of different geological periods in China on the basis of comprehensive analyses and comparison of tectonic environment,sedimentary and climatic background,rock combination,palaeontological assemblage,geophysics and geochemical characteristics among those regional divisions. It applied this method to the strata of Cambrian Period for China as an example,and identified eleven distinguishing criteria for regional tectonostratigraphic divisions in China,they are as follows:global paleogeographic characteristics,stratigraphic- sedimentary types,major stratigraphic sequence of the basement and cover,timing of the ocean-continent transition,contact relationship of stratigraphic sequence,stratigraphic lithology and lithofacies of blocks,distribution and characteristics between main suture zone and subordinate suture zone,biogeography,tectonic lithofacies,paleogeographic pattern,paleoclimate division,and the feature of the division boundary.
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Key words:
- division of tectonostratigraphic region /
- principle /
- method /
- Cambrian Period /
- China /
- stratigraphy
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图 2 中国寒武纪年代-岩石地层格架与序列对比
图主要据Chang(1988)、项礼文等(1999)、王泽九等(2014)、汪啸风等(2005)、张克信等(2017)和朱茂炎等(2019)修改; 1-1, 1-1-1, 1-1-2等是构造-地层区和分区的编号, 其名称参见图 3和图 7
Fig. 2. Cambrian chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic correlation in China
图 3 中国寒武纪蛇绿岩和火山岩及其测年值分布
图 3中测年值的文献来源如下:(1)赵磊等(2013);(2)Zeng et al.(2015);(3)肖文交等(2006);(4)翁凯等(2016);(5)杨高学等(2013);(6)赵文平等(2012);(7)Jian et al.(2005);(8)李文铅等(2008);(9)张元元和郭召杰(2008);(10)代文军和谈松(2008);(11)侯青叶等(2012);(12)胡新茁等(2015);(13)李旭平等(2009);(14)夏小洪等(2012);(15)相振群等(2007);(16)孟繁聪等(2010);(17)武鹏等(2012);(18)李向民等(2009);(19)付长垒等(2014);(20)Zhang et al.(2017);(21)李王晔(2008);(22)裴先治等(2004);(23)Dong et al.(2011);(24)赵如意等(2015);(25)黄朝阳等(2014);(26)李天福和张建新(2014);(27)张传林等(2004);(28)张占武等(2007);(29)李博秦等(2007);(30)刘战庆等(2011);(31)黑龙江省地质调查院(2018);(32)朱志新等(2019);(33)陕西省地质调查院(2004);(34)西安地质调查中心(2015);(35)李怀坤等(1999);(36)王惠初等(2003);(37)朱小辉等(2012);(38)朱小辉等(2015);(39)刘良(1999);(40)朱志新等(2019);(41)中国人民武装警察部队黄金第七支队(2017);(42)青海地质调查院(2019);(43)白春东等(2018);(44)姜春发等(2000);(45)陆松年(2002);(46)殷鸿福等(2003);(47)宋子高等(1991);(48)湖北省地质调查院(2019);(49)四川省地质调查院(2020);(50)西藏地质调查院(2020);(51)董春艳等(2011);(52)张旗等(1986);(53)云南省地质调查院(2020);(54)河南省地质调查院(2012);(55)肖爱芳和黎敦朋(2017)
Fig. 3. Map showing ages of Cambrian ophiolite and volcanic rocks in China
图 4 全球寒武纪纽芬兰世(约530 Ma)洋陆分布重建图
①唐巴勒-玛依勒-谢米斯台-阿尔曼特蛇绿混杂岩；②康古尔塔格蛇绿混杂岩；③红柳河-洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩；④温都尔庙蛇绿混杂岩；⑤嘉荫-牡丹江蛇绿构造混杂岩；⑥宽坪-佛子岭蛇绿混杂岩；⑦商丹蛇绿混杂岩；⑧北祁连蛇绿混杂岩；⑨拉脊山蛇绿混杂岩；⑩柴北缘蛇绿混杂岩；红柳沟-拉配泉蛇绿混杂岩；阿帕-茫崖蛇绿混杂岩；祁曼塔格蛇绿混杂岩；库地-祁曼于特蛇绿混杂岩；万保沟-乌妥-清水泉蛇绿混杂岩; 布青山蛇绿混杂岩；鹰扬关构造混杂岩；神山构造混杂岩；陈蔡构造混杂岩；政和-大浦构造混杂岩；贵子构造混杂岩.据Huang et al.(2000)和Zhao et al.(2018)修改
Fig. 4. Restored global map showing the spatial distribution of oceans and continents in Terreneuvian of Cambrian (~530 Ma)
图 6 中国寒武纪晋宁期-南皋期(541~514Ma)构造-岩相古地理图
Fig. 6. Tectonic-lithofacies paleogeographic map of the Cambrian Jinningian-Nangaon ages (541-514 Ma) in China
表 1 断代构造-地层区划原则与方法
Table 1. The principles and methods to the tectonostratigraphic region division for periods
序号 区划依据(不同点) 大区(一级) 区(二级) 分区(三级) 1 全球洋陆重建分布(古地磁-地球物理学证据) √ √ 2 地层建造大类(板块构造或大地构造学证据)，是两大类史密斯地层(克拉通区有序的盖层地层)非史密斯地层(造山带无序的洋板块地层，简称OPS) √ 3 基底和盖层地层序列和洋陆转化时间(板块构造或大地构造学证据) √ 4 地层序列完整性与接触关系(地层划分对比-地层学证据) √ √ √ 5 地层岩性岩相序列对比(岩石组合、沉积相及其序列划分对比-地层学和沉积学证据) √ √ √ 6 造山带对接缝合带洋板块地层分布与特征(以含N-MORB型蛇绿岩为主的分布带-岩石和岩石地球化学证据) √ √ 7 造山带叠接缝合带洋板块地层分布与特征(以含SSZ型蛇绿岩为主的分布带-岩石学和岩石地球化学证据) √ √ 8 生物古地理区系与生物群(古生物化石组合与古生物群落划分对比-古生物学与古生态学证据) √ √ √ 9 构造-岩相古地理格局(沉积古地理单元与沉积相划分对比-沉积学证据) √ √ √ 10 古气候分区或分带(古气候学证据) √ √ 11 构造-地层区划的分界线识别标志要明确(如大区和区的分界线通常是不同级别和不同性质的断裂带-构造地质学证据) 克拉通边界断裂 √ 克拉通内的二级和三级区划界线，可以是不同相区或不同原型盆地的边界(或为岩性、岩相或生物相的相变界线) √ √ 对接缝合带边界断裂 √ 对接缝合带内不同构造相之间的断裂 √ √ 叠接缝合带边界断裂 √ 叠接缝合带不同构造相之间的断裂 √ 注：据张克信等(2015b, 2017, 2020)修改. 
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表 2 中国寒武纪构造-地层大区地层类型与序列不同点对比
Table 2. Differences of Cambrian tectonostratigraphic superregions in China
大区 寒武纪地层类型与序列的不同点 1.北疆-兴蒙 以造山带洋板块地层(非史密斯地层)为主；西部的地层序列较全，东部苗岭世和芙蓉世地层缺失多，存在不整合面.含火山岩较多；岩石普遍变质并强变形. 2.塔里木-敦煌-阿拉善 为克拉通盖层(史密斯地层)有序地层序列，除阿拉善之外，地层序列发育全.极少火山岩，岩石不变质、变形弱. 3.华北 为克拉通盖层(史密斯地层)有序地层序列，除南部和东部边缘外，华北主体缺失纽芬兰世地层，广泛存在不整合面.第二世-芙蓉世的岩石地层序列相变小，可大区域对比.下部层序以陆源碎屑建造为主，向上以碳酸盐岩建造为主.极少火山岩，岩石不变质、变形弱. 4.昆仑-祁连-秦岭 以造山带洋板块地层(非史密斯地层)为主，祁连和柴达木缺失纽芬兰世-第二世地层，秦岭和昆仑的地层序列发育较全.含火山岩较多；岩石普遍变质并强变形. 5.青南-西藏-川西-滇西 以造山带洋板块地层(非史密斯地层)和卷入造山带内的地块盖层地层序列为主，北部地层序列发育不全，缺失较多，南部地层序列连续程度高，发育较好.含火山岩较多；除地块盖层外，岩石普遍变质并强变形. 6.扬子 为克拉通盖层(史密斯地层)有序地层序列；除少量剥蚀区外，大部分地区沉积序列完整；纽芬兰世-第二世地层普遍含碳、含硅、含锰、含磷和含高钒等较高.岩石不变质、变形弱. 7.华夏 以半深海-深海环境的浊积和远洋沉积序列为主，除少量剥蚀区外，大部分地区沉积序列完整；发育造山带洋岛(OIB)、海山、深海平原、洋盆盆缘斜坡扇等洋板块地层(非史密斯地层)建造；含火山岩较多；岩石普遍变质并强变形.为基底发育阶段的地层序列.
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