Petrogenesis of Acidic Volcanic Rocks in Sangxiu Formation, East-Central Segment of Tethyan-Himalaya: Response to Break-up of Eastern Gondwana Continent?
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摘要: 关于特提斯喜马拉雅构造带中东部地区桑秀组酸性火山岩是否是地壳深熔形成以及与东冈瓦纳大陆裂解事件存在关联长期以来有较大争议，以羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩为研究对象，在详实的野外地质调查及样品采集基础上，通过室内镜下岩石学特征、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素地球化学研究.结果表明：羊卓雍错地区桑秀组底部两个酸性火山岩样品（RYA01、DYA01）加权平均年龄为139.1±1.3 Ma（1σ，MSWD=1.08）和137.3±1.4 Ma（1σ，MSWD=0.98），代表了特提斯喜马拉雅地区早白垩世时期火山活动.岩石地球化学和Hf同位素地球化学特征表明，酸性火山岩具有高含量的SiO2、低镁指数值、较高的A/CNK比值，富集Al、LREE和Th，强烈亏损Nb，锆石εHf（t）值介于-20.1~-10.5之间，平均值为-13.5.综合研究表明，羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山是印度大陆北缘伸展减薄的环境下幔源岩浆底侵诱发上覆地壳并发生部分熔融形成的岩浆产物，结合酸性火山岩锆石年龄结果以及前人对东冈瓦纳大陆研究成果，认为羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩与东冈瓦纳大陆裂解有关，属于Kerguelen地幔柱岩浆活动早期产物.Abstract: For a long time, there have been many controversies on whether the acid volcanic rocks of Sangxiu Formation in the central and eastern parts of the Tethyan-Himalaya tectonic belt were formed by crustal anatism and were related to the break-up of East Gondwana continent. In this study, the characteristics of acid volcanic rocks of Sangxiu Formation in YamzhoYumco area were studied. Based on the detailed field geological survey and sample collection, the petrography characteristics, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry and Hf isotope of zircon were investigated. The results show that weighted mean age of the two acid volcanic rock samples (RYA01 and DYA01) at the bottom of Sangxiu Formation in YamzhoYumco area were 139.1±1.3 Ma (1σ, MSWD=1.08) and 137.3±1.4 Ma (1σ, MSWD=0.98), respectively, indicating that the two acid volcanic rock samples were formed by the Early Cretaceous volcanic activity in the Tethyan-Himalaya region. The geochemical and Hf isotopic geochemical characteristics show that the acidic volcanic rocks have high content of SiO2, low magnesium index, high A/CNK ratio, enrichment of Al, LREE and Th, and strong depletion of Nb. The zircon εHf(t) values range from -20.1 to -10.5, with an average of -13.5. It is revealed that the acid volcanic rocks of Sangxiu Formation in YamzhoYumco area are magmatic products of partial melting of overlying crust induced by mantle derived magma underplating in the northern margin of Indian continent. Combining with the previous study, it is recognized that the genesis of the acid volcanic rocks is related to the rifting of East Gondwana continent. It is the early product of Kerguelen mantle plume.
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图 1 青藏高原构造单元划分(a)及羊卓雍错地区大地构造背景图(b)
a.据Ma et al.(2013)修改；b.据Zhu et al.(2009)修改
Fig. 1. Tectonic units of the Tibetan plateau (a) and the geotectonic background map of the YamzhoYumco area (b)
图 3 柔扎村桑秀组地层剖面图
Fig. 3. Stratigraphic section of the Sangxiu Formation in the Rouzha Village
图 4 松拉村桑秀组地层剖面图
Fig. 4. Stratigraphic section of the Sangxiu Formation in the Songla Village
图 5 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩野外形态特征
a，b. 英安斑岩；c，d. 气孔杏仁状英安岩；e，f. 蚀变流纹质英安斑岩；g，h. 蚀变流纹斑岩
Fig. 5. Field morphological characteristics of acid volcanic rocks of Sangxiu Formation, YamzhoYumco area
图 6 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩镜下特征
a，b.英安斑岩；c.杏仁状英安岩；d.蚀变流纹质英安斑岩；e，f. 蚀变流纹斑岩. Pl.斜长石；Qtz.石英；Kfs.钾长石；Am.角闪石；Cb.碳酸盐矿物；Cal.方解石；Mag.磁铁矿；Bt.黑云母
Fig. 6. Microscopic characteristics of acid volcanic rocks of Sangxiu Formation, YamzhoYumco area
图 7 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩(RYA01、DYA01)锆石(CL)图像及测试位置
Fig. 7. Zircon CL images and test position of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rock samples(RYA01, DYA01)from the YamzhoYumco area
图 8 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩(RYA01、DYA01)U-Pb年龄谐和图
Fig. 8. U-Pb concordia diagrams of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rock samples(RYA01, DYA01)from the Yamzho Yumco area
图 9 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩Na2O+K2O vs.SiO2 (a)、A/NK vs. A/CNK (b)、SiO2 vs.AR (c)、K2O vs.SiO2 (d) 图解
据Middlemost(1994)；Le Maitre(2002)
Fig. 9. Na2O+K2O vs.SiO2 (a), A/NK vs.A/CNK (b), SiO2 vs.AR (c) and K2O vs.SiO2 (d) plots of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rock samples from the YamzhoYumco area
图 10 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩样品的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式(a)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b)
Fig. 10. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rock samples from the YamzhoYumco area
图 11 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄-εHf(t)图解
Fig. 11. Plot of U-Pb vs. εHf(t) for the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rocks from the YamzhoYumco area
图 12 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩104Ga/Al vs.Nb图解(a)和104Ga/Al vs.Zr图解(b)
Fig. 12. 104Ga/Al vs. Nb (a) and 104Ga/Al vs. Zr (b) plots of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rock samples from the YamzhoYumco area
图 13 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩La/Sm vs.La图解(a) and (La/Yb)N vs. δEu图解(b)
a，b.据Pearce et al.(1984)
Fig. 13. La/Sm vs. La (a) and (La/Yb)N vs. δEu (b) plots of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rock samples from the YamzhoYumco area
图 14 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩Th/Yb vs. Ta/Yb图解(a)和(La/Nb)PM vs. (Th/Ta)PM图解(b)
Fig. 14. Th/Yb vs. Ta/Yb (a) and (La/Nb)PM vs. (Th/Ta)PM (b) plots of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rock samples from the YamzhoYumco area
图 15 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩Hf vs. Zr(a)和Nb vs.Y(b)构造环境判别图
a.据Condie (1986)；b.据Pearce et al. (1984)
Fig. 15. Hf vs. Zr(a) and Nb vs.Y (b) tectonic discrimination plots of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rock samples from the YamzhoYumco region
图 16 东冈瓦纳大陆裂解模式图(a), 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩演化模式图(b)
Fig. 16. Dissociation pattern of the East Gondwana continent (a) and evolution pattern of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rocks from the YamzhoYumco area (b)
表 1 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄结果
Table 1. U-Pb dating results of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rocks zircon from the YamzhoYumco area
分析点 含量(10-6) Th/U 同位素比值 年龄(Ma) 谐和度(%) Pb Th U 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ RYA01:英安岩 1 50 616 549 1.12 0.139 6 0.006 7 0.021 7 0.000 3 132.7 6.0 138.4 1.7 95 3 24 255 329 0.78 0.136 4 0.008 3 0.021 9 0.000 4 129.9 7.4 139.9 2.4 92 4 29 267 337 0.79 0.148 6 0.008 4 0.021 4 0.000 3 140.6 7.4 136.5 2.1 97 5 50 573 694 0.83 0.141 1 0.012 1 0.022 0 0.000 6 134.0 10.7 140.0 3.5 95 7 20 159 552 0.29 0.144 3 0.008 0 0.021 3 0.000 3 136.9 7.1 135.8 2.0 99 8 15 147 283 0.52 0.159 3 0.010 7 0.022 0 0.000 4 150.1 9.3 140.0 2.7 93 12 458 138 223 0.62 0.141 4 0.011 1 0.022 0 0.000 4 134.3 9.8 140.2 2.7 95 13 15 209 312 0.67 0.132 5 0.008 3 0.021 8 0.000 4 126.3 7.4 139.3 2.3 90 16 21 269 287 0.94 0.143 7 0.009 0 0.021 6 0.000 4 136.3 8.0 137.6 2.4 99 17 24 356 511 0.70 0.142 5 0.007 1 0.022 7 0.000 3 135.3 6.3 144.4 2.1 93 25 32 252 655 0.38 0.147 4 0.012 3 0.022 1 0.000 7 139.7 10.9 140.7 4.4 99 DYA01：流纹岩 1 18 217 311 0.70 0.138 9 0.010 2 0.021 1 0.000 5 132.1 9.1 134.9 2.9 97 3 22 333 253 1.31 0.136 6 0.009 7 0.020 9 0.000 5 130.0 8.7 133.1 2.8 97 5 19 241 276 0.87 0.146 1 0.012 6 0.021 2 0.000 4 138.4 11.2 135.4 2.4 97 8 26 366 329 1.11 0.150 1 0.012 7 0.021 4 0.000 4 142.0 11.2 136.8 2.5 96 13 24 325 350 0.93 0.140 4 0.008 7 0.022 0 0.000 3 133.4 7.7 140.0 2.1 95 16 47 678 677 1.00 0.133 4 0.006 8 0.021 8 0.000 3 127.2 6.1 139.2 2.0 90 19 38 556 430 1.29 0.133 7 0.007 1 0.021 4 0.000 3 127.4 6.3 136.7 1.9 92 20 32 457 519 0.88 0.147 1 0.007 4 0.021 9 0.000 3 139.4 6.6 139.5 2.0 99 25 41 585 532 1.10 0.147 6 0.006 4 0.021 3 0.000 3 139.8 5.6 136.0 2.0 97 
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表 2 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩样品主量(%)、微量(10-6)和稀土(10-6)元素分析结果
Table 2. Major (%), trace elment (10-6) and rare earth element (10-6) compositions of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rocks samples from the YamzhoYumco area
样号 RYA01 RYA02 RYA03 SYA01 SYA02 SYA03 SYA04 DYA01 DYA02 SiO2 72.21 73.59 68.82 70.06 72.07 71.03 70.53 71.83 72.75 Al2O3 14.01 12.60 14.72 14.31 13.05 13.87 14.62 13.27 13.38 Fe2O3 1.24 0.74 3.26 1.70 0.88 1.55 2.28 0.93 0.80 FeO 2.87 3.24 3.28 4.58 4.94 3.79 2.77 3.87 4.20 MnO 0.04 0.73 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.05 MgO 0.62 0.60 0.99 1.47 0.82 0.91 0.65 1.01 0.79 CaO 1.93 1.90 2.31 2.65 1.11 0.95 0.55 1.10 0.79 Na2O 3.65 4.04 2.38 1.21 3.98 6.42 7.10 2.91 2.56 K2O 2.30 1.46 2.63 2.66 1.85 0.27 0.22 3.87 3.49 TiO2 0.88 0.82 1.21 0.91 0.92 0.83 0.89 0.86 0.87 P2O5 0.26 0.26 0.32 0.34 0.23 0.29 0.33 0.29 0.29 Mg# 21.71 21.50 22.12 30.02 20.32 23.83 19.37 27.67 22.25 TFeO 3.99 3.91 6.21 6.11 5.73 5.18 4.82 4.71 4.92 A/NK 2.35 2.29 2.94 3.70 2.24 2.07 2.00 1.96 2.21 A/CNK 1.78 1.70 2.01 2.19 1.88 1.82 1.86 1.68 1.96 δ 1.21 0.99 0.97 0.55 1.17 1.60 1.95 1.59 1.23 AR 2.19 2.22 1.83 1.59 2.40 2.65 2.86 2.79 2.49 LOSS 2.72 3.48 5.05 5.14 1.63 1.96 3.26 2.49 1.97 ∑ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Rb 123.40 77.62 112.01 115.26 39.23 2.85 10.55 122.64 139.06 Ba 963.70 666.30 489.64 553.39 404.00 344.74 102.76 856.89 1 028.38 Sr 121.38 122.81 67.95 80.26 166.79 146.50 77.36 84.77 55.01 U 1.33 1.51 1.30 2.66 1.65 1.91 1.53 1.36 1.31 Ta 1.79 2.06 1.31 1.57 1.45 1.45 0.93 1.64 0.91 Nb 24.93 24.62 16.56 19.33 21.62 23.36 10.71 20.66 23.76 Cd 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.15 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.07 Co 8.22 9.56 16.18 13.22 12.14 10.58 12.63 7.95 8.81 Cr 31.08 30.41 39.56 27.45 44.57 37.85 28.03 24.89 27.09 Cs 3.09 2.41 2.73 3.08 0.61 0.33 0.47 3.91 2.76 Cu 13.95 11.53 11.16 11.78 27.07 19.43 10.58 8.74 10.51 Ga 24.51 19.56 22.75 21.54 21.02 22.32 21.58 19.98 22.41 Ni 9.66 13.25 15.80 14.41 17.88 22.36 10.88 9.31 10.01 Pb 24.08 22.71 12.71 23.92 24.49 26.58 19.65 22.70 18.21 V 59.92 54.07 97.66 57.75 72.30 56.85 60.62 48.37 50.36 Zn 69.41 68.45 72.73 78.51 106.86 93.69 59.18 56.08 59.31 Zr 561.42 519.63 517.08 519.25 318.25 357.74 523.65 508.98 528.73 Y 39.13 38.29 37.93 41.66 31.82 35.76 36.96 54.40 54.20 Hf 14.56 13.43 13.25 13.35 10.61 9.19 13.09 13.43 14.07 Th 31.05 29.67 18.67 28.02 12.62 9.85 22.40 20.76 28.02 La 92.05 85.58 71.48 74.03 40.93 53.07 73.89 101.04 101.42 Ce 175.41 160.29 139.34 151.47 85.19 110.35 148.57 209.51 210.66 Pr 21.90 20.13 16.75 18.03 12.12 14.39 17.40 26.66 27.15 Nd 80.27 72.31 73.62 78.47 46.56 58.21 75.34 107.65 110.72 Sm 14.62 13.32 13.48 14.28 9.34 11.43 13.63 19.71 20.00 Eu 2.57 2.23 2.81 2.32 1.63 1.96 2.81 3.49 3.69 Gd 11.68 10.65 12.24 12.52 7.78 9.23 11.97 15.27 15.63 Tb 2.09 1.91 1.73 1.81 1.52 1.48 1.64 2.19 2.24 Dy 8.74 8.32 7.78 8.36 6.89 7.83 7.58 10.96 10.71 Ho 1.60 1.56 1.41 1.56 1.31 1.44 1.35 1.98 1.92 Er 3.79 3.81 3.84 4.31 3.27 3.94 3.57 5.64 5.46 Tm 0.53 0.53 0.46 0.54 0.47 0.69 0.44 0.89 0.86 Yb 2.80 2.88 3.42 4.27 2.84 4.11 3.22 5.14 5.17 Lu 0.42 0.43 0.40 0.47 0.44 0.60 0.39 0.78 0.73 ΣREE 418.47 383.95 348.76 372.44 220.29 278.73 361.80 510.92 516.35 LREE 386.82 353.86 317.48 338.60 195.77 249.41 331.64 468.07 473.62 HREE 31.65 30.09 31.28 33.84 24.52 29.32 30.16 42.86 42.73 LREE/HREE 12.22 11.76 10.15 10.01 7.98 8.51 11.00 10.92 11.08 LaN/YbN 23.58 21.31 14.99 12.44 10.34 9.26 16.46 14.11 14.07 δEu 0.58 0.55 0.66 0.52 0.57 0.57 0.66 0.59 0.62 δCe 0.93 0.91 0.95 0.99 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.96 注：本文数据由西南冶金测试中心测定，测试结果进行LOSS剔除归一化到百分之百，然后完成地球化学投图.
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表 3 羊卓雍错地区桑秀组酸性火山岩锆石Hf同位素分析结果
Table 3. Hf isotope analysis results of the Sangxiu Formation acid volcanic rock zircon from the YamzhoYumco area
样品编号 t(Ma) 176Yb/177Hf 176Lu/177Hf 176Hf/177Hf ±2σ Hfi εHf(t) TDM1(Ga) TDM2(Ga) RYA01-5 140 0.045 545 0.001 305 0.282 339 0.000 026 0.28 -12.4 1.30 1.98 RYA01-7 136 0.025 520 0.000 697 0.282 122 0.000 025 0.28 -20.1 1.58 2.46 RYA01-8 140 0.030 026 0.000 832 0.282 281 0.000 025 0.28 -14.4 1.36 2.10 RYA01-13 139 0.040 188 0.001 118 0.282 312 0.000 026 0.28 -13.3 1.33 2.04 RYA01-16 138 0.041 413 0.001 112 0.282 303 0.000 029 0.28 -13.7 1.34 2.06 RYA01-17 144 0.035 762 0.000 939 0.282 305 0.000 024 0.28 -13.5 1.33 2.05 DYA01-3 133 0.021 136 0.000 651 0.282 369 0.000 024 0.28 -11.4 1.24 1.91 DYA01-5 135 0.028 942 0.000 897 0.282 265 0.000 022 0.28 -15.1 1.39 2.14 DYA01-13 140 0.035 074 0.000 937 0.282 390 0.000 023 0.28 -10.5 1.22 1.86 DYA01-16 139 0.048 181 0.001 298 0.282 371 0.000 020 0.28 -11.3 1.25 1.91 DYA01-19 137 0.044 244 0.001 217 0.282 315 0.000 022 0.28 -13.3 1.33 2.03
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表 4 特提斯喜马拉雅中东部地区桑秀组火山岩U-Pb年龄数据
Table 4. U-Pb dating results of the Sangxiu Formation volcanic rock zircon from the central-eastern Tethyan-Himalaya
样品编号 岩性 地层 地区 年龄(Ma) 数据来源 ZL1 火山岩 桑秀组 工布学乡 135.1±0.7 马义明(2016) ZL23 124.4±0.7 SX(10)-1 流纹质英安岩 日莫瓦 133.0±3.0 朱弟成等(2005) 08JBT04 流纹岩 131.0±5.0 Zhu et al.(2009) RYA01 英安岩 柔扎村 139.1±1.3 本文数据 DYA01 日莫瓦 137.3±1.4 PM4/8 玄武岩 哲古 141.0±1.0 吴丰(2017) PM4/27 142.0±1.0 S- 英安岩 隆子 134.9±2.3 任冲(2015)
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