Comprehensive Geophysical Survey and Practice in Geological Investigation of Gobi Desert Covered Area
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摘要: 戈壁荒漠覆盖区地质填图是新时期地质调查工作的重点内容之一.覆盖区地质填图的基本目标包括两个方面，一是揭示覆盖层下伏基岩面地质结构，即填绘基岩面地质图；二是揭示覆盖层地质结构，包括地表覆盖层地质结构和覆盖层的三维地质结构.综合利用地球物理方法可以获得覆盖区地下地质结构、岩石属性、沉积物分布与层状结构等信息.而经济有效地选择和组合实施地球物理方法是完成覆盖区地质填图目标任务的重要保障.基于近年在新疆东天山地区开展的覆盖区地质填图工作，提出了针对多覆盖层结构背景下地质填图的综合地球物理方法组合的技术策略.综合地球物理方法以及新技术在巴里坤盆地和哈密盆地的应用展示了其效果，并为在戈壁荒漠覆盖区地质调查过程中如何开展地球物理工作提供了示范和借鉴.Abstract: Geological mapping in Gobi Desert covered area is one of the significant contents of geological survey in the new period of geological investigation. The basic objectives of geological mapping in covered area include two aspects: one is to reveal the geological structure of bedrock under overburden, i.e., to draw geological map of the bedrock; and the other is to reveal the geological structure of overburden, including the framework of overburden and the three-dimensional geological structure of overburden. Comprehensive geophysical surveys can be used to obtain the information of the geological structure, rock nature, distribution and layer-structure of sediment, etc. in covered area. Since economy and efficiency are key factors for geological mapping, selection and comprehensive implementation of geophysical methods are important to the investigation. Based on the recent geological mapping work in the East Tianshan mountains, Xinjiang, it proposed an optimal and effective integrated geophysical survey method for dealing with the geological mapping issue under multi-layer overburden in this paper. The integrated geophysical investigation and application of new technology in Barkol Basin and Hami Basin illustrate the efficiency and practicability of the comprehensive method. It may provide a reasonable solution to delineate covered rocks and structures in geological survey in Gobi Desert covered area.
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图 1 我国戈壁荒漠覆盖区分布（据王国灿等, 2018修改）
1.塔克拉玛干沙漠；2.古尔班通古特沙漠；3.库姆塔格沙漠；4.柴达木盆地沙漠；5.巴丹吉林沙漠；6.腾格里沙漠；7.乌兰布和沙漠；8.库存齐沙漠；9.毛乌素沙漠；10.浑善达克沙漠；11.科尔沁沙漠；12.呼伦贝尔沙漠
Fig. 1. The distribution of Gobi Desert covered area in China (modified from Wang et al., 2018)
图 2 巴里坤盆地测区地球物理方法部署及其方法试验结果
a. 测区位置；b. 地球物理方法部署图；c. 高密度电法试验剖面；d. 重力试验剖面；e. 探地雷达试验剖面；f. 浅层地震面波法试验剖面的速度频散图；g. 浅层地震反射波法试验的剖面叠加记录
Fig. 2. The deployment of geophysical methods and experimental results in the survey area of the Barkol Basin
图 3 巴里坤盆地测区地球物理方法应用部分成果
a. 多信息约束下反演得到的双层覆盖结构；b. 重磁异常线性信息提取与解释的基岩地质图；c. 电阻率与磁化率联合解释基岩属性；d. 主动源/被动源面波联合反演的横波速度剖面（Luo et al., 2018）；e. 高密度电法反演电阻率剖面与地下水结构解释
Fig. 3. The part achievements from geophysical methods in the survey area of the Barkol Basin
图 4 地球物理方法在喀拉塔格-雅满苏一带地质填图区域的部署与应用
a. 地质填图区域；b. 大草滩区块地球物理方法部署图；c. AMT数据处理与大草滩区块AMT剖面反演电阻率分布及双界面深度；d. 设计的用于戈壁荒漠地震勘探的锤击震源及应用效果；e. 大草滩区块重、磁异常对应分析及基岩属性推测
Fig. 4. The deployment of geophysical methods and their application in geological investigation area around the Karatag-Yamansu zone, Hami, Xinjiang
表 1 地质调查常用的地球物理方法特点对比
Table 1. Comparison of characteristics of geophysical methods used in geological survey
方法名称 调查方式 采集参数与场地要求 技术特点 实施成本* 重力法 面积、剖面 单参数测量，需配合高精度水准测量，适应各种地形 依据密度差异探测地质目标及构造，具有较好的横向分辨力，探测深度为地表-上地幔 较低 磁法 面积、剖面 单参数、多参数测量，适应各种地形 依据磁性差异探测地质目标及构造，具有较好的横向分辨力，探测深度为地表-居里面 低 电与电磁法 面积、剖面 多方法、多参数测量，可选择多种方法组合，不同装置可获得不同效果，要求地电干扰低 依据导电性和极化性差异探测地质目标及构造，具有较好的横向和一定的纵向分辨力，探测深度为地表-上地幔 中- 低 浅层地震法 剖面 多方法、多参数测量，多种选择，地形相对平坦，要求适当的地震地质条件 依据波速差异探测地质目标及构造，具有较好的横向和纵向分辨力，探测深度为地表至1 000 m 较高 放射性法 面积、剖面 单参数测量，适应各种地形 依据放射性差异探测地质目标属性，探测深度为地表至10 m 低 测井法** 井孔内 多方法、多参数测量，对钻孔施工有特殊技术要求 依据方法相应的物性差异探测井周地质目标及地层层位，探测范围为井周至10 m 较高 注：*表示依据国家现行地质调查预算编制规范，单位面积数据产出量估计的实施成本；**表示测井方法通常在任务要求下开展. 
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表 2 戈壁荒漠覆盖区不同深度覆盖层推荐的方法组合（以1∶5万填图为例）
Table 2. Geophysical method combination of different depth overburden in Gobi Desert covered area
覆盖厚度（m） 推荐使用的地球物理方法 1∶50 000重磁面积测量 1∶5 000~1∶10 000重磁剖面测量 电磁法(AMT/CSAMT/TEM) 探地雷达 浅层地震反射波法/面波法 高密度电法 0~3 〇 〇 〇 ● 〇 〇 3~20 ● ● ● ● ● ● 20~50 ● ● ● - ● ● 50~100 ● ● ● - ● ● > 100 ● ● ● - ● - 注：●表示推荐使用，〇表示可根据填图内容选用，-表示不推荐使用. 线距、点距等测网密度参数需要根据填图地区的地表、地质地球物理条件及填图内容确定，比如水文地质填图需要根据地形、地下潜水面、地下水来源及流向、断裂等导水通道分布、含水层及顶底板起伏等因素综合确定；对于基岩地质填图，一般以能控制主要岩石单元和断裂分布为依据合理布设地球物理测网.
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