Exploration of Li Isotope in Application of Ore Deposits
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摘要: 矿床的形成受制于多种复杂的地质作用，包括全球尺度的板块构造运动、岩浆活动、变质沉积改造等过程，并普遍伴随热液活动、流体迁移、水-岩相互作用、元素分异及同位素分馏等一系列局部区域地质和地球化学过程.在过去的矿床学研究中，地球化学方法主要围绕在主、微量元素和传统的稳定同位素等手段，解决了很多矿床成因问题.但仍存在不少的多解和难解问题，比如许多矿床在矿化类型、蚀变分带与金属矿物组合方面具有诸多相似之处，常规地球化学指标难以区分.随着测试精度的提高和自然储库组成的完善，Li同位素近些年来已成为新兴的稳定同位素体系.Li同位素在自然界过程中高达80‰的同位素分馏使其具有更好的辨识能力，同时兼有直接和间接指示作用，有潜力成为研究各种复杂成矿过程的良好示踪剂.本文总结了近年来有关矿床学中Li同位素的研究和应用进展，以俯冲带成矿为主，阐述了斑岩型-热液矿床、伟晶岩型矿床和沉积矿床等类型矿床的Li同位素地球化学特征，并探究新的Li同位素方法在矿床中的应用前景.基于Li同位素体系在各类矿床的应用实例，我们认为Li同位素体系将为矿床学研究提供更多的指示信息和依据.Abstract: The formation of ore deposits is subject to varieties of complex geological processes, including plate tectonics, magmatic activities, metamorphic sedimentary transformations and other processes on global scale, and is generally accompanied by a series of geological and geochemical processes such as hydrothermal activities, fluid migration, fluid-rock interaction, elemental differentiation and isotopic fractionation. Over the past decades, studies of geochemical methods have focused on major, trace elements and traditional stable isotopes, that have addressed the genesis of ore deposits. However, there are still some difficulties and multi solutions. For instance, portions of ore deposits in the mineralization, alteration zoning, and metal mineral assemblage have many similarities, so the conventional geochemical indicators are difficult to be distinguished. With the improvement of analysis and the integrity of natural reservoir composition, Li isotope has become a new stable isotope system in recent years. The Li isotopic fractionation of up to 80‰ in the natural process enhances the identification ability of Li isotope, as well as in direct or indirect indicator function. Thus, Li isotopic systematics has the potential to be a good tracer to study various complex metallogenic processes. Here, this paper summarizes the studies and applications of Li isotopes on ore deposit in recent years, mainly in subduction zone mineralization, the geochemical behavior and characteristics of Li isotopes in porphyry-hydrothermal deposits, pegmatite deposits and sedimentary deposits, then it explores an application prospect of new Li isotopic method for ore deposits. Based on the applications of Li isotopic system in various ore deposits, it proposes that Li isotopic system will provide more indicative information for ore deposit study in the future.
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Key words:
- Li isotopes /
- isotopic fractionation /
- subduction zone /
- ore-forming fluid /
- porphyry copper deposit /
- geochemistry
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图 1 (a) 寄主石英中的δ7Li变化和均一温度的流体包裹体；(b)纯石英样品(含原生流体包裹体)中的Li同位素分馏系数(Δ石英流体)与流体包裹体均一温度(1 000/T)之间的关系(据Yang et al., 2015)
Fig. 1. Variation of δ7Li in the host quartz and fluid inclusions with the measured homogeneous temperatures (a); relationship of Li isotopic fractionation factor(Δδ7LiQuartz-fluid) with homogeneous temperatures (1 000/T) in fluid inclusions hosted from pure-quartz samples (b) (containing primary fluid inclusions) (modified from Yang et al., 2015)
图 2 不同岩石类型中Mg/Li比值和Li含量变化(a)；西藏地区Li & δ7Li和∑REE & SiO2协变示意(b~d)
a.据刘英俊（1987）修改；b~d.据Tian et al.（2017b）
Fig. 2. Mg/Li ratios in different rock types (a); Li & 7Li vs. ∑REE & SiO2 covariant diagram for granite in Tibet (b-d)
图 3 俯冲带的Li同位素体系
据Tang et al.(2007, 2010)；汤艳杰等（2009）修改
Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of Li isotope systematics in subduction-zone
图 4 (a) (87Sr/86Sr)i vs. δ7Li和(b) (143Nd/144Nd)i vs. δ7Li相关投影
其中安山岩来自典中组，玄武岩来自叶巴组，辉长岩和闪长岩来自冈底斯岩基.地幔端元数据来自Krienitz et al.（2012）；Sr-Nd -δ7Li同位素组成的底图据Tian et al.（2018）
Fig. 4. Ploting diagrams of (87Sr/86Sr)i vs. δ7Li (a) and (143Nd/144Nd)i vs. δ7Li (b)
图 5 花岗岩和伟晶岩δ7Li和lgLi的相关图
Ⅰ.甲基卡钠长锂辉石伟晶岩；Ⅱ.加拿大小纳汉尼伟晶岩群（Barnes et al., 2012）；Ⅲ. 甲基卡伟晶岩脉围岩（刘丽君等，2017a）；Ⅳ.甲基卡二云母花岗岩；Ⅴ.厄尔士山花岗岩（Romer et al., 2014）；Ⅵ.荆山淡色花岗岩（Sun et al., 2016）；Ⅶ.布拉克山哈尼峰花岗岩（Teng et al., 2006a）；Ⅷ.中国东北A型花岗岩（Teng et al., 2009）；据侯江龙等（2018）
Fig. 5. Relationship of δ7Li vs. lgLi between granite and pegmatite
表 1 四川甲基卡伟晶岩型锂多金属矿床锂辉石和黑云母质量分数和同位素组成
Table 1. Lithium concentrations and isotope compositions of spodumenes and biotites from the Jiajika lithium polymetallic deposit, Sichuan Province
样号 样品描述 Li(10-6) δ7Li(‰) 308 伟晶岩中锂辉石 34.3 -0.4 134-4 伟晶岩中锂辉石 33.6 -0.6 JY-4 二云母花岗岩中黑云母 7.4 +1.6 注：数据刘丽君等(2017a). 
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