Effect of Number of Pumping Tests and Prior Information on Hydraulic Conductivity Estimation of Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Aquifer
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摘要: 水力层析抽水实验可以高精度刻画非均质含水层渗透系数分布，但野外成本高，需要对抽水试验进行优化.通过构建三维非均质含水层砂箱，开展水力层析抽水实验，探讨不同抽水组数和先验信息对刻画渗透系数的影响.分别利用不同抽水组数和融入42个井段岩心渗透系数作为先验信息，对渗透系数场进行估算，并用以预测独立抽水实验过程，对比估算结果优劣.随着抽水组数增加，估算结果逐渐提升，再增加到8组，估算结果没有明显提升；融入先验信息后，2组抽水实验估算精度可达到无先验信息8组抽水实验估算的精度.在水力层析野外实践中，融入钻孔岩心渗透系数等先验信息，可减少抽水组数，降低试验成本.Abstract: Hydraulic tomography (HT) can accurately characterize the hydraulic conductivity (K) of field heterogeneous aquifer, but the field test cost is relatively high and pumping test need to be optimized. In order to explore the effect of number of pumping tests and prior information on the K estimates, we constructed a laboratory three-dimensional sandbox with heterogeneous aquifer, and then carried out pumping tests in HT survey. The K fields are respectively estimated using HT with and without 42 K values of core samples as prior information. The estimated K fields from different cases are then used to predict non-dependent pumping tests and compare the accuracy of estimated K fields. With increasing number of pumping tests, the estimated K fields are gradually improved. When pumping tests increase to eight groups, the K estimates are not significantly improve with the increase of pumping tests. 42 K values of core samples as prior information can greatly improve the K estimates in HT survey. The K obtained from only two pumping tests with prior information has almost same accuracy as the K estimates from the case of eight pumping tests without prior information.
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图 1 实验砂箱和非均质含水层
a. 砂箱概化图及井段编号；b. 三维非均质含水层砂箱实物图；c. 砂箱“真实”渗透系数分区图；d. 含水层井位俯视图
Fig. 1. Laboratory sandbox and the synthetic heterogeneous aquifer
图 2 “真实”渗透系数场和不同抽水组数估算渗透系数场
a. 砂箱“真实”渗透系数场；b. 2组抽水；c. 4组抽水；d. 6组抽水；e. 8组抽水；f. 10组抽水；g. 12组抽水
Fig. 2. The true K and estimated K fields using different number of pumping tests
图 3 “真实”渗透系数场和有先验信息的不同抽水组数估算渗透系数场
a. 砂箱“真实”渗透系数场；b. 2组抽水；c. 4组抽水；d. 6组抽水；e. 8组抽水；f. 10组抽水；g. 12组抽水
Fig. 3. The true K and estimate K fields using different number of pumping tests with prior information
图 4 不同抽水组数估算的渗透系数场的模拟水位与实测水位散点图
a. 2组抽水；b. 4组抽水；c. 6组抽水；d. 8组抽水；e. 10组抽水；f. 12组抽水
Fig. 4. Scatter plots of simulated and measured hydraulic head using K field estimated by different pumping tests
图 5 有先验信息不同抽水组数估算的渗透系数场的模拟水位与实测水位散点图
a. 2组抽水；b. 4组抽水；c. 6组抽水；d. 8组抽水；e. 10组抽水；f. 12组抽水
Fig. 5. Scatter plots of simulated and measured hydraulic head using K field estimated by different pumping tests with prior information
图 6 不同评价指标随抽水组数变化曲线
a. R2随抽水组数变化曲线；b. L1随抽水组数变化曲线；c. L2随抽水组数变化曲线
Fig. 6. The curve of different evaluation indicators with the number of pumping tests
表 1 不同抽水组数反演方案
Table 1. Inverse cases of different pumping tests for hydraulic tomography
抽水组数 抽水井段编号 观测水位总个数 2 26，39 82 4 9，26，34，39 164 6 9，12，26，34，36，39 246 8 4、9、12、17、26、34、36、39 328 10 4、9、12、17、20、26、31、34、36、39 410 12 4、9、12、17、20、23、26、31、34、35、36、39 492 
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