Evolution of Terrestrial Triassic Ichnofossils and Ecological Significance in Western Henan Province
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摘要: 以豫西地区三叠纪陆相遗迹化石为研究对象，分析了遗迹化石在丰度、多样性、生物扰动指数、造迹生物行为习性和营养类型、潜穴直径和阶层方面的特征及变化. 豫西地区早、中三叠世遗迹化石记录了二叠纪-三叠纪之交大灭绝事件（PTME）后底栖生物群落由残存向复苏和辐射的演变：后生动物体型由小到大，行为习性和营养类型复杂性逐渐增加，生活空间从表层和半内栖层向浅、中、深阶层扩展，生态空间占据率逐渐提高，对沉积物的改造和利用能力逐渐增强. 晚三叠世遗迹化石变化趋于平稳但有波动.椿树腰组中遗迹化石的演变主要受沉积环境的影响，其上覆谭庄组遗迹化石多样性和复杂性的提高是巨型季风、沉积环境（水深）和生物因素共同作用的结果.Abstract: In this paper, the characteristics and variations of the Triassic terrestrial ichnofossils in western Henan Province were analyzed in terms of the abundance, ichnodiversity, biodisturbance index, behavior habits and food⁃feeding strategy of the trace⁃making organisms, burrow size and ichnofabric tiering. Ichnofossils developing in the study area during Early and Middle Triassic recorded the evolution of benthic communities from survival to recovery and radiation after the Permian⁃Triassic Mass Extinction (PTME). It reflected by the enlargement of metazoan's body size, the complicatedness of behavior habits and food⁃feeding strategy, the expansion of living space from the surficial tier and semi⁃infaunal tier to shallow, middle and deep tier, the increasement of ecological space occupying rate, the enhancement of the ability to modify and utilize the sedimentary environment gradually. The variations of the Late Triassic ichnofossils tend to be stable with fluctuation. The sedimentary environment was a crucial influence on the evolution of ichnofossils in Chunshuyao Formation, and the enhancement of the ichnodiversity and complexity of ichnofossils in Tanzhuang Formation was the joint work of the giant monsoon, sedimentary environment and biological factors.
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Key words:
- Ichnofossils /
- evolution /
- Triassic /
- terrestrial /
- western Henan Province /
- sedimentology
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图 1 中国北方典型三叠纪陆相地层序列对比
Fig. 1. Correlation of typical Triassic terrestrial stratigraphic sequences in northern China
图 2 研究区位置及河南省三叠系地质图
图a基于
http://www.mnr.gov.cn/sj/sjfw/ ，审图号：GS（2022）4307号；图b修改自杨遵仪等（2000）Fig. 2. Location of the study area and geological map of the Triassic in Henan Province
图 3 豫西地区三叠纪典型遗迹化石
a，b. Skolithos，宜阳，和尚沟组；c. Psilonichnus，济源，油房庄组；d. Skolithos，济源，二马营组；e. Beaconites，宜阳，和尚沟组；f. Scoyenia，宜阳，和尚沟组；g. Palaeophycus，济源，油房庄组；h. Taenidium，济源，二马营组；图a、b、e、f，据Xing et al.（2021）
Fig. 3. Typical Triassic ichnofossils in western Henan Province
图 4 豫西地区三叠纪典型遗迹化石
a. Planolites，宜阳，和尚沟组；b. Arenicolites，济源，油房庄组；c. Palaeophyus，济源，二马营组；d. Planolites，济源，二马营组；e. Rhizoliths，济源，油房庄组；f. Palaeophyus，济源，二马营组；g. Palaeophyus，济源，二马营组；h. Taenidium，济源，二马营组；图a据Xing et al.（2021）
Fig. 4. Typical Triassic ichnofossils in western Henan Province
图 5 豫西地区三叠系遗迹化石演化特征
Fig. 5. Evolution characteristics of Triassic ichnofossils in western Henan Province
图 6 豫西地区三叠系遗迹化石分布及行为习性图
Fig. 6. The distribution and behavior of Triassic ichnofossils in western Henan Province
图 7 豫西地区三叠系生态空间占据模型
Fig. 7. Occupation model of Triassic ecological space in western Henan Province
图 8 豫西地区三叠系岩性及遗迹化石特征
Fig. 8. Triassic lithology and ichnofossil characteristics in western Henan Province
表 1 豫西地区三叠系遗迹化石分布
Table 1. The distribution of Triassic ichnofossils in western Henan Province
遗迹属 分布地点 资料来源 Skolithos 济源和尚沟组、二马营组、油房庄组、椿树腰组和谭庄组, 宜阳李沟刘家沟组及和尚沟组, 登封刘家沟组和尚沟组 齐永安(1993); 张国成等(2005); 胡斌等(2009, 2015); Psilonichnus 济源地区和尚沟组顶部、二马营组、油房庄组, 宜阳李沟煤矿剖面刘家沟组、和尚沟组中部, 登封地区刘家沟组、和尚沟组中、下部 王道生和张国成(2005); 胡斌等(2009, 2015) Beaconites 济源地区和尚沟组上部、二马营组、油房庄组, 宜阳李沟煤矿剖面刘家沟组、和尚沟组中下部, 登封地区刘家沟组、和尚沟组 胡斌等(2009, 2015) Scoyenia 济源地区刘家沟组、和尚沟组、二马营组、椿树腰组和谭庄组, 宜阳地区刘家沟组、和尚沟组和二马营组, 登封地区刘家沟组、和尚沟组和二马营组 齐永安(1993); 胡斌等(2009, 2015) Palaeophycus 济源地区和尚沟组、二马营组、油房庄组和谭庄组, 登封地区刘家沟组和和尚沟组, 宜阳地区和尚沟组 张国成等(2005); 齐永安等(2007); 胡斌等(2009); Planolites 济源地区和尚沟组、二马营组、油房庄组、椿树腰组、谭庄组, 宜阳地区和尚沟组, 登封地区刘家沟组、和尚沟组 齐永安(1993); 胡斌等(2009, 2015) Arenicolites 济源地区和尚沟组顶部、油房庄组下部和谭庄组上段, 宜阳地区和尚沟组中部, 登封地区和尚沟组下部 张国成等（2005）; 胡斌等(2009, 2015) Cylindricum 济源地区和尚沟组上部 胡斌等(2009) Taenidium 济源地区和尚沟组中上部、二马营组和油房庄组上、下部, 封地区和尚沟组顶部 胡斌等(2015) Bergaueria 济源地区谭庄组下段 齐永安(1993) Chondrites 济源地区谭庄组深湖沉积 Rhizoliths 济源地区二马营组、油房庄组下部、椿树腰组和谭庄组上部 
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