The Tectonosedimentary Evolution since Proterozoic in Nepal and Its Southern Adjacent Areas
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摘要: 迄今，尼泊尔及其南侧邻区元古宙以来的构造-沉积演化尚缺乏系统性研究.为了促进区域地质认识，结合前人研究成果及新的研究发现，对尼泊尔低喜马拉雅带及以南的构造-沉积演化首次进行系统性总结与讨论.结果表明：尼泊尔低喜马拉雅带及以南与印度地盾北缘在地质历史中的构造-沉积演化息息相关，且自元古宙以来，发育了被动大陆边缘→陆内裂谷→被动大陆边缘→前陆盆地等不同构造演化阶段的沉积响应；尼泊尔西部的Dailekh群属于~1.8 Ga以前或前哥伦比亚超大陆之前的被动大陆边缘沉积；Vindhyan超群为下断上坳的陆内裂谷沉积，尼泊尔境内的Lakharpata群相当于下Vindhyan群；Gondwana超大陆裂解导致由北往南形成一系列初始发育时间越来越晚的裂谷盆地；Surkhet群至Siwalik群为被动大陆边缘至前陆盆地沉积，其中，Surkhet群Swat/Subathu组是喜马拉雅南侧地质历史上最后一套海相沉积地层，也是被动大陆边缘向前陆盆地转换期的沉积响应；Siwalik群大规模的磨拉石建造标志着喜马拉雅快速和大幅度隆升，该群沉积成岩后，印度-欧亚板块进一步的挤压作用导致了地质历史上迄今为止最后一次强烈的构造运动，形成MFT与Siwalik褶皱带，并奠定了喜马拉雅带现今构造格局.Abstract: At present, the tectonosedimentary evolution since Proterozoic in Nepal and its southern adjacent area is still lacking of systematic research. In order to promote divisional geological understanding of the area, the author intends to combine the previous and the new research results to systematically summarize and discuss the tectonosedimentary evolution of the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal and its southern areas. The results show that, the tectonosedimentary evolution in the less Himalaya of Nepal and its southern areas are closely related to the northern part of the Indian shield in the geological history; since Proterozoic, it has experienced the following different stages of tectonic evolution in turn, that is from passive continental margin to intracontinental rift to passive continental margin to foreland basin; the Dailekh Group in western Nepal deposited in the passive continental margin before~1.8 Ga or before the pre-Columbia supercontinent; the Vindhyan supergroup deposited in an intracontinental rift(its lower part deposited in graben and its upper part deposited in depression), and the Lakharpata group in Nepal is equivalent to the lower Vindhyan group; the break-up of Gondwana supercontinent resulted in the formation of a series of rift basins with gradually late initial development time from north to south; the Surkhet Group and the Siwalik Group are deposited in passive continental margin to foreland basin, and the Swat/Subathu Formation of Surkhet Group is the last set of marine sedimentary strata in the geological history of the southern Himalayas, and it is also the key sedimentary response during the passive continental margin changing to the foreland basin; the large-scale molasse formation of the Siwalik Group marked the rapid and substantial uplift of the Himalayas, and after the group's sedimentation and diagenesis, the further compression of the Indo-Eurasian plate led to the last strong tectonic movement in geological history so far, forming the MFT and Siwalik fold belts, and forming the present tectonic framework of the Himalaya.
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Key words:
- Himalaya /
- India shield /
- Nepal /
- tectonosedimentary evolution /
- break-up of continent /
- tectonics
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图 1 研究区地质
a. 尼泊尔及邻区大地构造位置（据Dhital，2015）；b. 尼泊尔地质简图（据Subedi et al.，2012）；c. 南北向横跨尼泊尔地质构造剖面图（据Subedi et al.，2012）
Fig. 1. Geology of research area
图 3 Vindhyan盆地下断、上坳的剖面结构
据Prasad and Rao（2006）修改
Fig. 3. Structural section of the Vindhyan basin, with the characteristic of rifting in the lower part and depression in the upper part
图 5 恒河盆地东-西向钻井对比剖面所揭示的深部地堑、地垒格局
据Infraline Energy网站资料：http://www.infraline.com/ong/Upstream/NELP_VII/Ganga_Basin_NELP_VII.pdf
Fig. 5. The graben and horst patterns in the deep revealed by the east⁃west drilling cross⁃section in the Ganges Basin
图 6 Vindhyan盆地东南部Son Valley中下Vindhyan群沿断陷期正断层的构造反转（B⁃1井处）
先前断陷期的正断层后来轻微反转，呈现为低幅度的逆冲牵引背斜（Paul et al.，2013）
Fig. 6. Tectonic inversion (at Well B⁃1) of the normal faults in lower⁃middle Vindhyan Groups in the Son Valley of the southeastern part of the Vindhyan Basin
图 7 尼泊尔及印度北缘构造-沉积演化示意图
Fig. 7. Cartoon of tectonosedimentary evolution in Nepal and the margin of northern centra India
表 1 尼泊尔低喜马拉雅带及以南综合地层表
Table 1. Comprehensive stratigraphic table in the Lower Himalayas and the south of Nepal
地层单元 时代 厚度(m) 岩性特征 其他特征 大致沉积环境 构造背景 超群 群 组/段 Siwalik群 上Siwalik组 中中新世-早更新世 以巨厚的砾岩/磨拉石建造为主 前陆盆地 前陆盆地↑被动大陆边缘 中Siwalik组 2 400~6 300 以砂岩为主 下Siwalik组 1 100~2 800 红、紫、绿及杂色泥岩、粉砂岩及砂岩. 泥岩、粉砂岩比重较高 
Surkhet群
(Tansen群)Suntar组 晚白垩世-早中新世 ~750 硬的红褐色-绿灰色细-中粒砂岩与紫色、绿色及灰色页岩交互，且页岩中夹泥灰岩条带 与下伏地层呈角度不整合 河流 
Swat组 160~200 深灰-绿灰色页岩夹透镜状或条带状深灰色含化石灰岩 滨浅海-半深海 
Melpani组 > 280 浅灰-深灰色含铁变质石英岩及细-粗砂岩夹灰色炭质页岩及偶尔的砾岩及泥质灰岩夹层 Gondwana群 Taltung组 晚石炭世-早白垩世 ~200 下部含底砾岩，之上为橄榄绿中粗砂岩与浅红-紫色夹少量不规则绿色斑点页岩交互. 底砾岩主要为火山岩及石英岩 该群在印度的地堑盆地含煤、产气，但在巴基斯坦的Potwar油田该群侏罗系产油. 该群在印度地盾为陆相沉积，并呈指状楔入东尼泊尔，但向东北至Arunachal山脚为海相沉积. 这海相沉积在中及东尼泊尔山前深部也可能发育 陆内裂谷 Sisne组 ~1 000 沉积岩及深灰-黑色页岩夹数层砂岩与砾岩；沉积岩成层性差，含花岗岩、基性岩、灰岩、白云岩及砂岩，粒径最大达15 cm，砂岩发育于中上部 Midland超群 Lakharpata群（等同于印度的下Vindhyan群） Aru组 前寒武-早古生代 ？ 白云岩为主，夹少量砂岩与页岩 相当于印度的下Vindhyan群，顶界为角度不整合. 厚度 > 5 000 m Katwa组 ？ 灰-深橄榄灰-黑色钙质页岩，向上夹灰岩及黄灰-褐灰色灰质白云岩 Khara组 ？ 灰岩与页岩相比重相当 Gawar组 ~1 700 下部以白云岩及灰岩为主、上部以页岩夹砂岩为主 Ramkot组 ~850 粉色、灰色砂岩及紫色、绿灰色-灰色页岩夹粉-灰色白云岩 Sangram组 ~1 700 灰-绿灰-黑色页岩为主，其次为钙质砂岩与灰岩 Dailekh群（等同于印度的Mahakoshal群） Nabhisthan组 前寒武 ？ 千枚岩为主 变质沉积岩为主，夹变质侵入岩 被动大陆边缘 Dubidanda组 ？ 中粗粒石英岩为主，夹变质侵入岩 Gitachaur组 ？ 以云母片岩和云母石英岩为主 Parajul组 ？ 中粒石英岩夹碳质片岩 Dailekh段 ？ 以铁质胶结的中细粒石英岩为主 Dungeshworl组 ？ 以片麻岩和花岗岩为主 Raniban组 ？ 片岩、石英岩及片麻岩 Gorthi组 ？ 片岩、石英岩 ++++++++++++++++ Dadeldhura群/基底++++++++++++++++ 
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