Quantitative Relationship between Tectonic Deformation and Topography in Bogda Piedmont of Eastern Tianshan Mountains: Based on 3D Structural Modeling and Geomorphic Analysis
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摘要: 东天山受印度-欧亚板块碰撞的远程影响，新构造活跃，同时在气候影响下地表侵蚀速率有明显的空间差异，是探讨构造活动、地表过程和气候变化相互作用的理想区域；而反映构造变形的断层滑移量和地形起伏度是理解构造和气候相互作用的重要参数.通过三维地震反射深度剖面解译构建东天山阜康断裂带西端古牧地背斜三维构造几何形态，发现阜康断裂带断层倾角约为40°~50°，发育断层传播褶皱，且构造变形起始于断层中部（甘河子附近），逐渐向东西两侧传播.断层滑移量（Sl）与地形起伏度（△H）呈线性相关，基于两者的线性关系，计算获得阜康断裂带中部最大剥蚀量约5.05 km，最大缩短量约为9.20 km，剥蚀速率约为0.38~0.60 mm/a.阜康断裂带比北天山吐谷鲁背斜处的断层倾角更陡，但两处地形起伏度均为断层滑移量的~1/10，说明残余地形主要受控于造山楔构造和侵蚀的动态平衡作用.Abstract: The specific neotectonic activities, spatial variations of erosion rates in Tianshan Mountains are led by the far-field effect of the India-Asia collision and variable precipitations. It is an ideal place to discuss the interaction of tectonic, surface processes and climatic change. The relationship of the amount of fault slip and topographic relief in this area might provide clues for understanding the interaction between tectonic and climate, and resulted topography. In this study, the subsurface three-dimensional structural geometry model of a fault-related anticline (Gumudi) at the western fault zone (Fukang) at the eastern Tianshan Mountains was constructed by the interpretation of the 3D seismic reflection data in depth. It shows that the dip of the fault is about 40°-50°, and fault-propagation folds developed. The tectonic deformation of this fault originated from the central zone and gradually propagated to the east and west ends. The amounts of the fault slip and the topographic relief at different areas were calculated from the subsurface three-dimensional tectonic structural geometry. The results show that the topographic relief (△H) is linearly related to the amount of fault slip (Sl). The maximum denudation, the maximum shortening, and the denudation rate are deduced to be as about 5.05 km, 9.20 km, and 0.38-0.60 mm/a, respectively, in the central area of the Fukang fault zone, which is based on the linear relationship between the faultslipandthetopographic relief. In addition, it presents a similar relationship that △H was equal to 1/10 Sl at different areas in spite of quite various dip angles of faults. This indicates that the relict topography is mainly controlled by the dynamic balance of the tectonic activities and erosion of the orogenic wedge rather than the magnitudes of the fault dip in this area.
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图 1 研究区地质
a. 天山山脉及周边地区地形；b. 东天山地质简图，包括三维地震数据的位置，AA'、BB'、CC'、DD'、EE'、FF'表示三维地震剖面，Line 1~7表示外推辅助线；c. 北天山地形条带剖面，具体位置见图 1a；d. 东天山地形条带剖面，具体位置见图 1a；e. 古牧地背斜野外地表实测剖面，具体位置见图 1b（改自马德龙等，2017）
Fig. 1. Geology of study area
图 2 根据断层相关褶皱模拟不同断层倾角下的断层转折褶皱(a)和断层传播褶皱(b)的地形起伏度(△H)-断层滑移量(Sl)的函数关系
图中参数φ为断层倾角
Fig. 2. According to the fault related folds, the functional relationship between the topographic relief (△H) and fault slip (Sl) of fault bend fold (a) and fault propagation fold (b) with different fault dip angles
图 3 古牧地背斜三维地震资料中提取的剖面AA'~FF'的构造解译
Q. 第四系；N. 新近系；K1tg. 白垩纪吐谷鲁群；J3. 晚侏罗系；J2t. 头屯河组；J2x. 西山窑组；F1. 反冲断层；F2. 反冲断层；F3. 分支逆冲断层
Fig. 3. The interpretations of the cross sections AA'⁃FF'extracted from the 3D seismic data of the Gumudi anticline
图 4 BB'、CC'、DD'剖面的位移量-距离关系图
a. 距离（D1）为沿断层下盘最低岩层底界和断层交点P向尖端d测量各岩层顶界到P的间距，每一岩层的位移量为a、b、c；b. 位移量-距离图，其中沿x轴绘制沿断层从P到d的距离，在该距离处与断层相交的每一层的位移决定了每个点的y值；c. BB'、CC'和DD'剖面的位移-距离关系图；a，b. 修改自Hughes and Shaw（2014）
Fig. 4. Displacement⁃distance relationship measured by profile BB', CC' and DD'
图 5 断层滑移量-沿断层走向的距离关系
a. 表示整个褶皱的断层滑移量与沿断层走向的距离的关系；b. 表示三维工区中统计的断层滑移量与沿断层走向的距离的关系
Fig. 5. Relationship between fault slip and distance along fault strike
图 6 古牧地背斜模型
a. 古牧地背斜地下三维模型；b. 古牧地背斜的断层模型；c. 古牧地背斜断层与地层的几何结构关系模型；Q. 第四系；N. 新近系；K1tg. 白垩纪吐谷鲁群；J3. 晚侏罗系；J2t. 头屯河组；J2x. 西山窑组；F1. 反冲断层；F2. 反冲断层；F3. 分支逆冲断层
Fig. 6. Model of Gumudi anticline
图 7 古牧地背斜的断层滑移量-距离关系和平均缩短量-距离关系
绿色菱形表示断层滑移量；蓝色圆圈表示地层平均缩短量
Fig. 7. The relationship between fault slip and distance along the strike and the relationship between mean shortening and distance along the strike of Gumudi anticline
图 8 沿阜康断裂带的断层滑移量-距离关系
a. 卫星图像上地震剖面的位置；b. 断层滑移量和地形起伏度沿断层走向距离的变化；c. 断层滑移量-距离图
Fig. 8. The relationship between fault slip and distance along Fukang fault zone
图 9 阜康断裂带关系
a. 阜康断裂带的断层滑移量与地形起伏度沿断层走向距离的关系图，绿色菱形表示断层滑移量，橙色三角形表示地形起伏度. 灰白色区域的断层滑移量由三维地震数据计算，而灰色区域的断层滑移量根据公式（2）计算获得；b. 阜康断裂带的地形起伏度与断层滑移量的关系；c. 地层平均缩短量与沿断层走向距离的关系图，灰白色区域的平均缩短量由三维地震资料计算，灰色区域的平均缩短量由公式（3）计算获得
Fig. 9. Relationship of Fukang fault
图 10 三维工区的地形和构造起伏分析
a. 三维地形；b. 二维地形；c. 三维构造起伏；d. 二维构造起伏；e. 褶皱线性连接；f. 褶皱雁列式连接；g. 褶皱无连接；褶皱发育与连接过程e、f、g引自Bretis et al.（2011）
Fig. 10. Analysis of topographic and tectonic surfaces in 3D work area
图 11 阜康断裂带现有冲积扇的分布及沿断层走向的地形剖面
a. 卫星图像洪积扇的位置图，橙色区域表示洪积扇；b. DEM显示的洪积扇位置，白色区域表示冲积扇；c. 沿断层走向AB的地形剖面，对应图 11b黄线，灰色区域表示最大洪积扇的位置和褶皱的最高点
Fig. 11. The distribution of existing alluvial fan and the terrain profile along fault strike in Fukang fault zone
图 12 北天山吐谷鲁背斜地质与各参数关系图
a. 北天山吐谷鲁背斜简化地质地图（改自Qiu et al.，2019）；b. 吐谷鲁背斜断层滑移量与地形起伏度沿断层走向距离的关系，灰白色区域的断层滑移量根据Qiu et al.（2019）数据计算获得，灰色区域的断层滑移量根据公式（6）计算获得；c. 吐谷鲁背斜地形起伏度与断层滑移量之间的关系
Fig. 12. Geological map of Tuguluanticline in the Northern Tianshan Mountains
表 1 博格达山磷灰石裂变径迹测年结果
Table 1. Apatite fission track dating results of Bogda Mountain
剥露期次 最新一次剥蚀速率 最近一次剥蚀量 文献来源 隆升阶段：
④5.6~19.0 Ma
③20~30 Ma
②42~47 Ma
① > 65 Ma- - 王宗秀等（2008） 隆升阶段：
④约10 Ma
③约40 Ma
②90~70 Ma
①155~135 Ma0.273 mm/a 2.73 km 汪新伟等（2007） 隆升阶段：
④13~9 Ma
③44~24 Ma
②75~65 Ma
①150~106 Ma0.158 mm/a 1.422~2.054 km 沈传波等（2006） 剥露阶段：
④12~7 Ma
③47~31 Ma
②67~65 Ma
①119~105 Ma0.157~0.222 mm/a 1.099~2.664 km 朱文斌等（2006） 隆升-剥露阶段：
③渐新世末-中新世初
②晚白垩世-早古近纪初
①晚侏罗世晚期-早白垩世初- 2.5~3.0 km 马庆佑（2006） 
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