New Advances in Magnesium Isotope Geochemistry and Its Application to Carbonatite Rocks
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摘要: 镁（Mg）同位素有3个，24Mg、25Mg和26Mg，其中24Mg和26Mg的相对质量差较大，高达8.33%，这种大的相对质量差使地壳活动或其他地质过程中Mg同位素因化学物理条件的变化而发生明显的同位素质量分馏.目前，自然界可观测到的δ26Mg变化范围为-5.60‰~0.92‰，约6.5‰.镁在低温地球化学过程中分馏显著，而在高温环境下分馏不明显，因而Mg同位素是地质过程的潜在地球化学指标和示踪剂，在低温风化作用、高温部分熔融与岩浆结晶分异、变质作用、板片俯冲及壳幔物质循环、热液蚀变和矿床成因等方面取得重要进展.为此，简要介绍了镁同位素分析方法，系统总结了Mg同位素在地球各储库中的组成与分布特征以及地质作用过程中的镁同位素分馏机理；其次重点介绍了镁同位素近年来在碳酸岩研究中的应用；最后对有关问题进行了探讨，包括幔源岩石低δ26Mg成因解释（与俯冲再循环的碳酸盐岩、洋壳物质有关或与矿物分离结晶有关）和Li-Mg-Ca同位素联合示踪岩浆碳酸岩岩石成因.并对碰撞反应池多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（Nu Sapphire MC-ICP-MS）分析优势和Li-Mg-Ca等金属同位素联合示踪在稀土元素富集机制的应用进行了展望.Abstract: There are three magnesium (Mg) isotopes, 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg, among which the relative mass difference of 26Mg and 24Mg is large, up to 8.33%. Such a large relative mass difference can cause significant mass dependent fractionation of Mg isotopes due to the changes of chemical and physical conditions during crustal activities or other geological processes. Variations of δ26Mg in nature are mainly from -5.60‰ to 0.92‰, spanning a limited range of 6.5‰. Mg isotope is a potential geochemical index and tracer for geological processes because Mg fractionates significantly in low-temperature geochemical processes, but not in high-temperature environments. Mg isotopes have made important progress in the fields of low-temperature weathering, high-temperature partial melting and magmatic crystallization differentiation, metamorphism, plate subduction, crust-mantle material recycling, hydrothermal alteration and genesis of deposits. In this paper, the analysis methods of Mg isotopes are briefly introduced firstly. Secondly, the composition and distribution characteristics of Mg isotopes in various reservoirs of the earth and the fractionation mechanism of Mg isotopes in geological processes are systematically summarized. And then, the application of magnesium isotopes in the study of carbonatites in recent years is emphatically introduced. Finally, it discusses the origin of low δ26Mg in mantle-derived rocks (related to carbonate rocks of subduction and recycling, oceanic crust materials or mineral separation crystallization) and trace the petrogenesis of magmatic carbonatites by the combination of Li, Mg and Ca isotopes. At the end of this paper, the advantages of the dual-path collision cell-capable multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Nu Sapphire MC-ICP-MS) and the application of Li-Mg-Ca and other metal isotopes in the enrichment mechanisms of rare earth elements are prospected.
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Key words:
- magnesium isotope /
- analytical method /
- isotope fractionation /
- combined tracer /
- carbonatites /
- geochemistry
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图 1 地幔、陆壳、洋壳和水圈中Mg的质量分数(a); 镁同位素的质量数和天然丰度(b)(据Teng，2017)
Fig. 1. Mass fraction of Mg in the mantle, continental crust, oceanic crust and hydrosphere (a), Mass number and natural abundance of Mg isotopes (b) (modified after Teng, 2017)
图 2 地球不同储库的镁同位素组成(灰色虚线代表原始地幔的平均δ26Mg=-0.25‰±0.07‰)
据Tipper et al.（2006）；Teng et al.（2010a）；Huang et al.（2013）；Ling et al.（2013）；Teng et al.（2013）；Li et al.（2016）；Yang et al.（2016）；Cheng et al.（2017）；董爱国和韩贵琳（2017）；Hu et al.（2017b）；Huang et al.（2018）；Guo et al.（2019）；黄建等（2019）；He et al.（2020）；Ryu et al.（2021）；Zhong et al.（2021）修改
Fig. 2. Mg isotopic compositions of different reservoirs in the Earth system (the gray dashed line represents the average δ26Mg of -0.25‰±0.07‰ for the pristine mantle)
图 3 Oldoinyo Lengai过碱性硅酸盐和钠质碳酸岩δ26Mg与MgO关系图解(据Li et al., 2016)
Fig. 3. δ26Mg with MgO for peralkaline silicate rocks and natrocarbonatites from Oldoinyo Lengai (after Li et al., 2016)
图 4 Oldoinyo Lengai钠质碳酸岩δ26Mg与CaO+SrO+BaO(a)和Na2O+K2O(b)的关系图解(据Li et al., 2016)
Fig. 4. δ26Mg with CaO+SrO+BaO (a) and Na2O+K2O (b) for natrocarbonatites from Oldoinyo Lengai (after Li et al., 2016)
图 5 白云鄂博矿床方解石和白云石碳酸岩和含矿白云岩δ26Mg与SiO2(a)和1/MgO(b)关系图解(据Ling et al., 2013)
Fig. 5. δ26Mg with SiO2 (a) and 1/MgO (b) for calcitic and dolomitic carbonatites and ore-bearing dolomites in the Bayan E'bo deposit (after Ling et al., 2013)
图 6 瓦吉里塔格镁质碳酸岩δ26Mg与MgO(a)、CaO(b)、TFe2O3(c)、P2O5(d)、La(e)和Sr(f)关系图解(据Cheng et al., 2017)
Fig. 6. Variations of δ26Mg with the MgO (a), CaO (b), TFe2O3 (c), P2O5 (d), La (e) and Sr (f) in the Wajilitage magnesiocarbonatites (after Cheng et al., 2017)
图 7 N-MORB与菱镁矿、白云石和方解石/文石间Mg和Sr同位素交换模型(a), 正常地幔和沉积碳酸盐岩间的Mg和O同位素混合模型(b)
a据Wang et al.（2016b）和Cheng et al.（2017）；b据Cheng et al.（2017）
Fig. 7. Mg and Sr isotope exchange model between N-MORB and magnesite, dolomite and calcite/aragonite (a) and Mg and O isotopic mix modeling between the normal mantle and sedimentary carbonates (b)
图 8 玄武岩δ26Mg与TiO2关系图解(据Su et al., 2019a)
Fig. 8. δ26Mg vs. TiO2 contents of the basalts (after Su et al., 2019a)
表 1 不同标样相对于DSM3的值
Table 1. Values of different standard samples relative to DSM3
标样 δ26Mg δ25Mg 参考文献 SRM980 -3.980‰±0.050‰ -2.040‰±0.050‰ Bolou-Bi et al., 2009 Cambridge-1 -2.623‰±0.030‰ -1.358‰±0.030‰ Teng et al., 2015 CAGS1-Mg 0.399‰±0.100‰ 0.200‰±0.050‰ 何学贤等，2008 CAGS2-Mg 0.270‰±0.100‰ 0.150‰±0.050‰ 何学贤等，2008 GSB -2.032‰±0.038‰ -1.044‰±0.024‰ Gao et al., 2019 ERM-AE143 -3.295‰±0.040‰ -1.666‰±0.043‰ Vega et al., 2020 
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