Characteristics of Syn-Spread Magmatism and Its Implication for Tectonic Evolution in Baiyun-Liwan Deep-Water Area of Pearl River Mouth Basin
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摘要: 南海陆缘深水区发育同裂陷期及同扩张期岩浆，但其时空展布特征、岩浆活动量及活动机制存在较大争议.选取三维反射数据质量较高且覆盖全面的珠江口盆地白云-荔湾深水区，对岩浆活动开展解释和岩浆量的统计工作.在钻井的约束下，综合运用反射特征和接触关系分析以及火山地层学方法，开展了19条高分辨率三维多道反射地震资料解释，在此基础上对白云-荔湾凹陷沉积层中侵入和喷发的岩浆岩开展了系统研究，结果显示：（1）研究区自浅部到深部共识别出100余个火成岩体及与岩浆活动相关构造，含3相11亚相，3相包括火山岩相、侵入相和气液相；（2）岩浆活动划分为33.9~23.0 Ma、23.0~19.1 Ma及19.1~16.0 Ma三个期次，各期岩浆产生量逐期减少；（3）空间上，岩浆活动呈现东南多西北少、由南向北逐渐变新的趋势，且岩浆活动大多分布于周围隆起之上.扩张脊于23.6 Ma时南迁，研究区岩浆活动表现为向北跃迁.推测拉张-扩张早期上涌地幔物质可能受到脊吸作用的影响而导致其上涌头部向洋脊偏转，在扩张脊南迁后，脊吸作用变弱，部分上涌地幔向北回撤，从而导致23 Ma之后岩浆活动向北迁移.扩张结束后岩浆（< 17 Ma）碱性程度升高，推测岩浆物质来源变深.Abstract: The syn-rift and syn-spread magmatism occurs in the deep-water area of the continental margin of the South China Sea in different extents, but it is still controversial regarding its spatial and temporal distribution, the amount, and the mechanism. In this paper, the high-resolution and comprehensive covered three-dimensional (3D) seismic data were used to reveal the characteristics and scale of magmatic activities in the Baiyun-Liwan deep-water area. Under the constraints of drilling, it utilized the seismic reflection characteristics, contact relationship and seismic volcano-stratigraphy comprehensively to interpret 19 high-resolution 3D multichannel reflection seismic data. On this basis, the intrusive and eruptive igneous build-ups in the sedimentary layers had been systematically studied. The results show follows: (1) More than 100 igneous bodies and structures related to magmatic activities were identified from shallow to deep in the study area, which are subdivided into 3 seismic facies and 11 subfacies. The 3 facies include volcanic, intrusive and gas-hydro facies. (2) The magmatic activities can be divided into three stages: 33.9-23.0 Ma, 23.0-19.1 Ma and 19.1-16.0 Ma, and the amount of the magmatic activities gradually decreased. (3) In the spatial distribution, the magmatic activities decrease from the southwest to the northeast, and the ages become younger from the south to the north. Moreover, the magmatic activities are mostly distributed on the surrounding uplift. The magmatism in the study area migrated northward as the spreading ridge jumped southward at 23.6 Ma. It is speculated that the upwelling mantle material in the early stage of rifting-spreading stage may be affected by ridge suction, which caused the upwelling magma to be dragged toward the spreading ridge. After a southward ridge jump, the ridge suction reduced and part if not all of the upwelling mantle retreated northward, resulting in the northward migration of magmatic activities after 23 Ma. The alkalinity of magmatism increased during post-spreading stage (< 17 Ma) suggested that the source of magmatic material may become deeper.
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图 1 研究区白云-荔湾深水区位置及新生代地层柱状图
据施和生等（2014）、Sun et al.（2014）和Pang et al.（2018）修编. 图中蓝框为本文主要研究区；灰黑色测线为选取的三维多道地震剖面位置；粉色阴影区为凹陷，灰色阴影区为隆起区. BU.破裂不整合；地层时代划分及岩性地层据柳保军等（2007）和米立军等（2019）；层序划分据庞雄等（2007）、秦国权（2002）和柳保军等（2019）；构造运动据庞雄等（2007）、邵磊等（2008）和Deng et al.（2019）；基底深大断裂据蔡国富等（2021）
Fig. 1. Location map and stratigraphic column of the Baiyun-Liwan deep-water area
图 3 典型岩浆喷发（a1~a3）和侵入（b1~b3）活动时间判定方法示意图
a1.岩浆通过岩脉/火山通道上升; a2.喷出海底形成火山; a3.火山逐渐被.上覆沉积物埋藏; b1.岩浆通过岩脉上升; b2.在薄弱处侵位形成岩席及强制褶皱; b3.强制褶皱逐渐被上覆沉积物覆盖
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of time determination method of typical magma eruption(a1-a3) and intrusion(b1-b3)
图 8 白云-荔湾深水区各时期岩浆活动分布及面积统计图
a. 白云-荔湾深水区岩席/岩盖时空分布图；b. 白云-荔湾深水区岩脉/岩株/岩基时空分布图；c. 白云-荔湾深水区火山时空分布图；d. 白云-荔湾深水区火成岩分布面积统计图
Fig. 8. Distribution and area chart of magmatic activity in Baiyun-Liwan deep-water area in different stages
图 9 珠江口盆地裂后岩浆活动模式
Fig. 9. The kinematic model of post-rift magmatic activity in the Pearl River Mouth basin
表 1 白云-荔湾深水区火成岩地震相分类
Table 1. Seismic facies classification of igneous rocks in Baiyun-Liwan deep-water area
分类 定义 形态 连续性 振幅 其他 文献来源 边界 内部 火山岩相 火山相 火山物质在喷出后于喷口周围堆积形成的丘状隆起 丘形、圆顶形、尖锥状 连续-局部不连续 顶部：正高振幅；底部：次平行和半连续的中-低的正振幅 复杂混乱 下方可见上拉管道 Zhao et al.（2016）；Zhang et al.（2016）；
Ma et al.（2018）；
Reynolds et al.（2018）；Deng et al.（2019）侵出相 由于岩浆快速上升，在海底挤出形成岩针、尖锥状海山等 尖锥状 反射清晰且连续 顶部：中-高正振幅；底部：基本不可见或不明显 反射杂乱，局部可见有空白反射区域 邹才能等（2008）；
Zhang et al.（2016）爆发相 火山集块、火山角砾及火山灰等其他由于喷发而形成的火山碎屑在原地或附近堆积形成的 V字型反射 不连续 边界不明显 正高振幅反射 位于爆发型火山的两翼 邹才能等（2008） 溢流相 岩浆自火山口或沿裂隙向外呈面状泛流或线状溢流形成各类熔岩或角砾熔岩 层状-似层状的反射 连续 正高振幅反射 垂向上常叠置多组正高振幅 Zhao et al.（2014） 火山
通道相是火山机构的一部分，岩浆通过火山通道从深部岩浆房运移到地表喷发 管状，与沉积层大角度接触 反射杂乱，局部可见有上拉现象 发育于火山之下，连接深部基底 Reynolds et al.（2018） 火山
沉积相火山碎屑与陆缘碎屑在水体中堆积的产物 层状-似层状 连续 中-高正振幅反射 较溢流相来说，振幅较弱，范围更广泛，厚度更大 Ma et al.（2018） 侵入相 岩席/岩盖 小型侵入体，顺层侵入沉积层 碟状、似层状及穿层状（岩盖呈现上凸特征） 连续 中-高正振幅反射 部分尖端上扬，与岩脉、岩席或断层连接, 局部导致上方地层上隆形成强制褶皱 Planke et al.（2005）; Thomson（2007） 岩脉 垂直-近垂直的火成岩侵入体 管状，与沉积层大角度接触 边界不明显 混乱复杂的振幅 与岩席或基底相连 Planke et al.（2005）;
Magee et al.（2013）；Zhao et al.（2016）岩株/岩基 大型侵入体，类似于底劈作用，岩浆向上侵位，造成部分岩层的破裂（岩株小于100 km2作为区分） 圆顶形 连续-顶部不连续 上部：清晰正高反射；底部：边界模糊 反射杂乱，局部上拉 顶部导致地层上隆 张峤（2014）；
杨率等（2017）气液相 气烟囱 由于天然气(或流体)垂向运移在地震剖面上形成的异常反射 不规则 断续 负高振幅 下方可见地震信号屏蔽现象 王秀娟等（2008） 热液喷口 由于热液流体及沉积物的运移、喷出等过程形成的管状复合物，内部不存在火山物质 管状复合体，上部为眼状、丘状；下部为烟囱状 向内及向外倾斜 外侧地层上拉 Planke et al.（2005） 
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