Quantification of Water Vapor Transport Coefficient and Priestley-Taylor Coefficient over Small Inland Water Bodies
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摘要: 小型水体（面积 < 1 km2）数量众多，面积占全球内陆水体总面积的40%以上，在天气气候系统、水循环和水资源管理中扮演着重要角色.选取安徽省全椒县官渡村一处养殖鱼塘作为小型水体的代表，自2017年6月至2020年5月利用涡度相关方法对蒸发量进行连续观测，基于体积传输方程插补了缺失数据，在月尺度上强迫能量闭合，并利用Priestley-Taylor模型研究平流影响.研究结果表明小型水体的水汽传输系数存在夏高冬低的季节变化特征，变化范围为1.9×10-3~3.4×10-3，与风速、水面和空气温度差存在显著的相关关系.但是全球内陆水体水汽传输系数与水体面积的相关关系不显著.小型水体月尺度Priestley-Taylor模型α变化范围为1.14~1.78，8月最小，2月最大，最大值高于大型湖泊的开阔水面.与其他内陆水体相同，小型水体α系数呈现暖季低值、冷季高值的季节变化特征，说明夏季无明显平流影响，而冬季平流影响比较强烈.年尺度上，全球大型水体和小型水体的蒸发均会受到微弱的平流影响.Abstract: Small water bodies (< 1 km2) are numerous, with area accounting for more than 40% of the total area of global inland water area, and play an important role in weather and climate system, water cycle and water resources management. In this paper, the aquaculture pond in Quanjiao County of Anhui Province was selected as a representative of small water bodies. Continuous observations of evaporation from June 2017 to May 2020 were conducted using eddy covariance technology. Data gaps were interpolated based on bulk transfer equation, and energy balance closure was forced on monthly scale. Priestley-Taylor model was used to study the effect of advection. Results indicate that the water vapor transfer coefficient of small water bodies was higher in summer and lower in winter, with a range of 1.9×10-3 to 3.4×10-3. The monthly water vapor transfer coefficient was significantly correlated with wind speed and the difference between water surface temperature and air temperature over small water bodies. But the transfer coefficient is not significantly correlated with water body area.The α coefficient of Priestley-Taylor model over the small water body ranged from 1.14 to 1.78, with lowest value appeared in August and highest value appeared in February, and the maximum value is higher than those over open surface of large lakes. Similar to other inland water bodies, the α coefficient over small water bodies was lower in warm season and higher in cold season, indicating that advection effect was weak in summer and strong in winter. On annual time scale, evaporation of both small and large water bodies were affected by weak advection.
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Key words:
- evaporation /
- small water body /
- eddy covariance /
- Priestley-Taylor model /
- water vapor transfer coefficient /
- advection /
- meteorology /
- climatology
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图 1 研究站点示意图和观测仪器图
a.红色五角星为研究区域位置，粉色框线为研究的鱼塘，黄色五角星为仪器架设位置，蓝色框线为风向筛选范围为28°~95°；b.涡度相关系统和小气候系统；c.四分量辐射计
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the research site and pictures of the instruments
图 2 70 m高塔和部分观测仪器图片
a. 通量塔；b. 70 m高度处涡度相关系统和小气候系统；c. 10 m高度处温湿度传感器
Fig. 2. Pictures of the 70 m tower and some instruments
图 3 2017年6月至2020年5月气温(a)、气压(b)、大气水汽压(c)和水平风速(d)月均值的时间序列图
Fig. 3. Time series of monthly mean values of air temperature (a), air pressure (b), atmospheric water vapor pressure (c) and horizontal wind speed (d) from June 2017 to May 2020
图 4 2017年6月至2020年5月鱼塘半小时尺度潜热通量的时间序列图
蓝色圆圈为观测数据；灰色实线为插补数据
Fig. 4. Time series of latent heat fluxes on half-hourly scale in the fish pond from June 2017 to May 2020
图 5 水汽传输系数CE的季节变化
2019年9月份以及2020年3、4月份观测的有效数据较少，没有呈现出相应的CE
Fig. 5. Seasonal changes of water vapor transport coefficient CE
图 6 水汽传输系数CE与风速(a)和Ts-Ta (b)的相关关系
Fig. 6. Correlation coefficients between transfer coefficient for water vapor CE and wind speed (a) and Ts-Ta (b)
图 7 2017年6月至2020年5月月平均净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量、波文比、热储量变化的时间序列
其中能量收支项单位均为W/m2，波文比无量纲.a.月平均净辐射; b.感热通量; c.潜热通量; d.波文比; e.热储量
Fig. 7. Time series of monthly mean net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, Bowen ratio, and heat storage from June 2017 to May 2020
图 8 2017年6月至2020年5月每月P-T模型系数α值的时间序列
虚线为α的默认值1.26
Fig. 8. The time series of the monthly P-T model coefficient α values from June 2017 to May 2020
图 9 季节尺度(a)和年尺度(b)LE观测值与$ \Delta /(\Delta +\gamma )({R}_{n}-G) $关系及α系数的反算结果
Fig. 9. Correlation between seasonal scale (a) and annual scale (b) LE observations and $ \Delta /(\Delta +\gamma )({R}_{n}-G) $, and the inverse calculation results of α coefficient
图 10 月尺度α值与温度差(a)、比湿差(b)和饱和水汽压差(c)月平均值的相关关系
Fig. 10. Correlation between the monthly values of α and temperature difference (a), specific humidity difference (b) and saturated vapor pressure difference (c)
图 11 文献中水汽传输系数CE10与水体面积的关系
Fig. 11. The relationship between the water vapor transfer coefficient CE10 and the area of the water bodies in the literature
图 12 全球不同内陆水体月、季节和年尺度上α值的研究结果
Fig. 12. Results of monthly, seasonal and annual mean values of α over different inland water bodies across the world
表 1 基于蒸发量观测数据和水汽传输方程方法反算的全球水体CE结果
Table 1. CE results of global water bodies based on evaporation observation data and inverse calculation of water vapor transport equation method
大洲 水体名称 国家/
地区经纬度 面积
(km2)观测时段 观测高度
(m)时间
长度CE
(10-3)CE10
(10-3)文献 北
美
洲Emaiksoun Lake 美国 61°55′12″N, 113°43′48″W 1.857 2008—2010无冰期 - 数月 - 1.83 Potter(2011) Great Slave Lake 加拿大 41°N, 121°W 27 000 1997—1999无冰期 16.9 数月 - 2.0 Blanken et al.(2003) Castle Lake 美国 32°15′36″N, 90°01′12″W 0.2 08-21~11-14 2.8 < 3个月 - 1.9 Strub and Powell (1987) Ross Rarnett Reservoir 美国 72°17′54″N, 126°10′24″E 134 2007-09-01~2008-02-28 4 6个月 - 1.2 Liu et al.(2009) 欧洲 Siberian thermokarst lake 西伯利亚 61°50′N,
24°17′E1.21 2014-06-24~
08-16无冰期2.39 数月 - 2.2 Franz et al.(2018) Lake Kuivajärvi 芬兰 61°13′48″N, 25°3′E 0.63 2010—2011
（06~10）1.7 10个月 1.9 1.45 Mammarella et al.(2015) Lake
Valkea-Kotinen芬兰 0.041 2005—2008
（04~10）- 21个月 - 1.0 Nordbo et al.(2011) Lake Tämnaren 瑞典 60°0′N,
17°20′E37 1994-06
（12，13, 20）3 3天 1.07 1.0 Heikinheimo et al.(1999) 亚洲 Lake Kasumigaura 日本 36°02′35″N, 140°24′42″E 220 2008—2010 3.72 3年 - 1.1 Wei et al.(2016) 鄂陵湖 中国 35°01′28″N, 97°38′59″E 610 2011-07~
2011-113 5个月 - 1.36 Li et al.(2015) 太湖东部湖区
太湖北部湖区中国 31°10′12″N, 120°24′E
31°25′N,
120°13′E2 400 2011-12-15~2012-06-30
2010-07~
2012-088.5
3.5数月 - 1.0 Xiao et al.(2013) 洱海 中国 25°46′N,
100°10′E256.5 2012全年 2.5 月/年 - 1.2~1.75/1.36 Liu et al.(2015) 小型养殖鱼塘 中国 31°58′7″N, 118°15′10″E 0.0077 2017-06~
2020-051.8 月/年 1.9~3.4/2.5 1.25~2.1/1.6 本文 
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表 2 文献中全球内陆水体Priestley-Taylor模型α系数的研究结果
Table 2. Results of the α coefficients in the Priestley-Taylor model over global inland water bodies in literature
大洲 水体 国家/地区 经纬度 面积（km2） 观测时期 尺度 α 文献 湖泊/水库/湿地 - - - - 日 1.08~1.34/1.26 Priestley and Taylor(1972) Lake Léman 瑞士 46°26′N, 6°33′E 580 - < 日 约为0.7~2.5 Assouline et al.(2016) Lake Kinneret 以色列 32°50′N, 35°35′E 166 - The Eshkol reservoirs 以色列 32°46′N, 35°14′E - - The Tilopozo wetland 智利 23°47′S, 68°14′W 6 - 北美洲 浅水湖 加拿大 57°45′N, 88°45′W 0.1 1972-07 小时/日 1.26 Stewart and Rouse(1976) Lake Flevo 荷兰 52°23′9″N, 5°24′46″E 467.6 1967-07~1967-09 日/月 1.26/1.15~1.42 De Bruin and Keijman(1979) 1967-04~1967-10 月 1.2~1.5 Ross Barnett Reservoir 美国 32°26′N, 90°2′W - 2007-08-25~2007-09-30 小时 1.00~1.32（H > 0; E > 0）1.24~2.04（H < 0; E > 0） Guo et al.(2015) 南美洲 Lake Serra Azul水库 巴西 - 8.8 1993-01~1995-06 月 1.16（整体月尺度）1~1.5（1993.09，H < 0，α=2.3） Dos Reis and Dias(1998) 亚洲 青海湖 中国 36°32′~37°15′N, 99°36′~100°47′E 4 432.32 2013-05-11~2015-05-10 月 1.16~1.62 Li et al.(2016) 太湖 中国 30°5′40″~31°32′58″N,
119°52′32″~120°36′10″E2 400 2010-07~2017-12 季节 1.36（春）1.23（夏）1.30（秋）1.60（冬） Xiao et al.(2020) 年 1.39 2010—2018 日
月1.25~1.28（各站点日平均状况）
1.26~1.27（各站点月平均状况）Han et al.(2021) 31°25′11″N, 120°12′50″E 2010-06-14~2012-08-31 月 1.14~1.94 Wang et al.(2014) 小型养殖鱼塘 中国 31°58′7″N, 118°15′10″E 0.007 7 2017-06~2020-05 月 1.14~1.78 本文 季节 1.34（春）1.18（夏）1.28（秋）1.56（冬） 年 1.31
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