Distribution and Formation of Shallow Groundwater with High Fluoride in Houtao Plain
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摘要: 为查明内蒙古后套平原浅层高氟地下水的分布和成因，通过相关性、Gibbs图、矿物饱和指数、离子强度和氯碱指数分析了后套平原64组浅层地下水水化学数据.结果表明：后套平原地下水样品中F-浓度超过我国生活饮用水标准限值(1.0 mg/L)的比例为53.1%；浅层高氟地下水主要分布在后套平原东部黄河泛滥冲积平原，多为高TDS、偏碱性的Cl-Na型水.后套平原浅层地下水中氟主要来源于山区围岩、平原区含水介质中萤石等含氟矿物的溶解.浅层高氟地下水在地形地貌、气候以及人为灌溉活动的制约下，主要受到蒸发浓缩作用的控制，并影响矿物沉淀-溶解作用，为含水介质中F-的释放创造了条件.阳离子交替吸附作用在较高离子强度条件下对高氟地下水的形成影响较小.Abstract: In order to investigate the distribution and formation of shallow groundwater with high fluoride in Houtao plain, Inner Mongolia, 64 group hydrochemistry data of shallow groundwater were analyzed using correlation, Gibbs diagram, mineral saturation index, ion intensity and chlor-alkali index. The results show that 53.1% of the shallow groundwater samples have a F- concentration exceeding the limit value of drinking water standard of China (1.0 mg/L). The shallow groundwater samples with high fluorine mainly distribute in the Yellow River flood plain, eastern Houtao plain, and most of them were Cl-Na type water with high TDS value and weak alkalinity. Fluoride in shallow groundwater mainly came from fluorine-containing minerals such as fluorite in the surrounding rock of Yin Mountain and water-bearing media in the plain. Limited by the topography, climate and irrigation activities, the formation of high fluoride groundwater in Houtao plain was mainly controlled by the evaporation process, which also affected the precipitation-dissolution process. These two processes promoted the release of F- in the water-bearing media. The effect of cation exchange on the formation of high fluoride groundwater is small because of high ionic strength.
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Key words:
- Houtao plain /
- fluoride /
- groundwater /
- water chemistry /
- hydrogeology
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图 1 研究区水文地质简图及剖面图(邓娅敏，2008)
Fig. 1. Hydrogeological sketch and section of the study area (Deng, 2008)
图 2 研究区浅层地下水采样点位置图及F-浓度分布
Fig. 2. Location and F- concentrations of shallow groundwater samples in the study area
图 3 后套平原浅层地下水Piper三线图
Fig. 3. Piper trigram of shallow groundwater in the Houtao plain
图 4 浅层地下水中F-与萤石饱和指数关系(a)和白云石与方解石饱和指数关系(b)
Fig. 4. Relationship of fluorite saturation index and F- concentration (a), and saturation index relationship of dolomite and calcite (b) in shallow groundwater
图 5 浅层地下水中F-与Ca2+、Mg2+的相关关系
Fig. 5. Concentration correlation of F- and Ca2+, Mg2+ in shallow groundwater
图 7 F-浓度与地下水离子强度关系
Fig. 7. Relationship of F- concentration and ionic strength of shallow groundwater
图 8 河套平原浅层地下水氯碱指数与F-关系
Fig. 8. Relationship of chlor-alkali index and F- in shallow groundwater
表 1 研究区地下水水化学指标统计表
Table 1. Statistical results of groundwater chemical parameters in the study area
统计量 F－ pH Eh SO42- HCO3- Cl－ Ca2+ Mg2+ K+ Na+ TDS 全部水样
(N=64)最大值 5.17 8.50 174.7 2 816.0 1 075.0 6 359.0 761.2 823.2 1 047.0 5 716.0 14 561.0 最小值 0.27 7.01 -171.5 19.7 206.4 31.5 19.1 15.0 2.3 41.5 459.5 均值 1.47 7.83 -59.8 439.4 571.6 851.2 141.5 97.18 25.26 629.7 2 760.3 中值 1.05 7.84 -83.6 281.3 532.5 275.5 86.6 59.5 6.3 289.1 1 524.7 标准差 1.1 0.3 91.6 449.4 201.0 1 349.4 150.7 122.6 128.9 898.6 2 822.3 变异系数 0.748 0.038 -1.532 1.023 0.352 1.585 1.065 1.262 5.103 1.427 1.022 低氟(N=30) 最大值 0.99 8.50 174.7 585.2 664.3 403.7 231.1 85.0 37.4 420.2 2 293.6 最小值 0.27 7.53 -171.5 19.7 269.9 54.04 23.91 27.36 2.3 51.92 641.8 均值 0.68 7.88 -78.9 245.4 479.9 195.9 97.1 48.4 6.65 198.9 1 274.2 中值 0.70 7.84 -103.1 225.8 461.5 181.0 96.6 46.8 4.5 184.3 1 223.5 标准差 0.2 0.2 85.4 144.4 100.8 92.7 48.1 16.2 6.7 95.4 403.8 变异系数 0.279 0.027 -1.082 0.588 0.210 0.473 0.495 0.335 1.008 0.480 0.317 中氟(N=19) 最大值 1.90 8.34 110.0 1 131.0 1 051.0 1 276.0 421.1 300.5 45.6 1 154.0 4 295.1 最小值 1.03 7.28 -157.5 27.7 307.6 65.5 19.06 21.4 4.7 171.9 657.7 均值 1.38 7.88 -50.19 451.9 682.3 583.4 102.9 87.0 9.17 526.0 2 445.8 中值 1.34 7.92 -85.5 567.5 683.6 608.4 73.9 95.4 7.2 524.3 2 404.3 标准差 0.3 0.3 92.6 309.5 201.0 375.4 101.9 48.7 8.7 275.2 1 046.1 变异系数 0.203 0.038 -1.845 0.685 0.295 0.643 0.990 0.560 0.949 0.523 0.428 高氟(N=15) 最大值 5.17 8.23 123.5 2 816.0 1 075.0 6 359.0 761.2 823.2 1 047.0 3 028.0 14 561.0 最小值 2.17 7.01 -157.2 40.02 206.4 31.5 29.1 15.0 4.7 41.5 459.5 均值 3.16 7.63 -33.76 811.5 614.67 2 501.1 279.26 207.67 82.87 1 622.8 6 131.0 中值 2.98 7.57 -59.8 910.8 577.5 2 238.0 290.4 145.8 12.4 1 620.0 5 499.4 标准差 0.9 0.4 94.1 696.3 258.3 1 975.3 233.1 208.6 257.8 1 400.1 4 045.7 变异系数 0.285 0.047 -2.787 0.858 0.420 0.790 0.835 1.004 3.111 0.863 0.660 注：除pH、变异系数为无量纲、Eh的单位为mV，其余指标为mg/L；N指样品数. 
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