Multi-Isotope Tracing of the Impact of Human Activities on the Hydrological Environment in the Muli Permafrost Region
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摘要: 为查明人类活动对木里冻土区水文环境造成的影响，选取高寒冻土区人类活动最为显著的木里煤田聚乎更矿区，以区内大通河支流水系河水为研究对象，基于水化学组成空间特征，利用氢、氧、碳、氮、硫、锶等多元同位素开展示踪研究.研究表明：（1）冻结层上水是河水的主要补给来源，煤矿开采、天然气水合物钻探等人类活动破坏原有冻土结构，增加了冻结层上水对河水的贡献比例；（2）河水中主要溶解性营养物质（SO42-、NO3-和DOC）浓度的增加源于人类活动的影响：硫氧同位素揭示了大规模的煤矿露天开采促进还原硫氧化，是导致冻结层上水和河水中SO42-升高的主要原因；氮氧同位素表明河水中高浓度的NO3-来源于散养式放牧的牲畜粪便；DOC主要来源于高寒草甸植物降解产生的土壤有机质，人类活动影响下增加了DOC和DIC的输出，增强了源区河水中的微生物活动；（3）除H2CO3风化碳酸盐岩外，受人类活动煤矿开采影响下硫酸参与的碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩岩石风化作用增强，进而影响着区域岩石风化的碳汇作用.研究成果为认识人类活动影响下高寒冻土区水文环境的演化提供研究思路，为高寒冻土区生态环境保护提供科学依据.Abstract: In order to find out the impact of human activities on the hydrological environment of Muli permafrost area, Juhugeng mining area of Muli Coalfield with the most significant human activities in the alpine permafrost area was selected, and the river water of Datong River tributary system in the area was taken as the research object. Based on the spatial characteristics of hydrochemical composition, the research was carried out by using multiple isotopes such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and strontium. The results show that: (1) The supra-permafrost water is the main supply source of the river water. Human activities such as coal mining and natural gas hydrate drilling destroy the original frozen soil structure and increase the contribution proportion of the supra-permafrost water to river water; (2) The increase of the concentration of main dissolved nutrients (SO42-, NO3- and DOC) in river water is due to the influence of human activities: sulfur and oxygen isotopes reveal that large-scale open-pit mining in coal mine promotes reduced sulfur oxidation, which is the main reason for the increase of SO42- in the supra-permafrost water and river water; Nitrogen and oxygen isotopes show that the high concentration of NO3- in the river comes from livestock manure of free range grazing; DOC mainly comes from soil organic matter produced by plant degradation in alpine meadow, and there are strong microbial activities in the river water in the source area; (3) Except for H2CO3 weathering carbonate rocks, the weathering of carbonate rock and silicate rock participated by sulfuric acid is enhanced under the influence of human activities and coal mining, which further affects the carbon sink of regional rock weathering. The research results provide research ideas for understanding the evolution of hydrological environment in Alpine permafrost area under the influence of human activities, and provide scientific basis for ecological environment protection in Alpine permafrost area.
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Key words:
- Muli permafrost region /
- coal mining /
- gas hydrate drilling /
- isotopes /
- Human activities /
- hydrogeology
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图 1 研究区概况与样品点分布
a.地理位置；b.木里煤田聚乎更矿区与天然气水合物钻探孔分布；c.地质简图与样品点分布；d. 地形高程
Fig. 1. Overview of the study area and distribution of sample points
图 3 HCO3-/Na+和Ca2+/Na+摩尔比值关系
Fig. 3. Mole ratio diagram between HCO3-/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+
图 5 冻结层上水离子含量对比
Fig. 5. Comparison of ions content between the supra-permafrost water samples
图 6 冻结层上水与补给源的氢氧同位素组成关系(a) 与补给来源的贡献比例(b)
Fig. 6. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of the supra-permafrost water and recharge source (a) and contribution ratio of recharge source (b)
图 7 河水与补给来源的溶解Si与δ18O关系(a) 与河道径流分割结果(b)
Fig. 7. Relationship diagram of dissolved Si and δ18O between river water and recharge sources (a) and segmentation results of stream runoff (b)
图 8 δ34S-SO4与δ18O-SO4关系(a)和δ34S与1/SO42-关系(b)
Fig. 8. Plots of δ34S-SO4 versus δ18O-SO4 (a) and δ34S-SO4 versus 1/SO42- (b)
图 9 δ15N-NO3与δ18O-NO3关系(a)和δ15N-NO3与NO3-关系(b)
Fig. 9. Plots of δ15N-NO3 versus δ18O-NO3 (a) and δ15N-NO3 versus NO3- (b)
图 10 DIC与DOC关系(a)和δ13CDIC-δ13CDOC与DOC关系(b)
Fig. 10. Relationships between DIC versus DOC (a) and δ13CDIC-δ13CDOC versus DOC (b)
图 11 不同离子和同位素之间的相关性
a.（Ca2++Mg2+）/（HCO3-）关系；b.（Ca2++Mg2+）/（HCO3-+SO42-）关系；c. δ13CDIC与DIC关系；d. 87Sr/86Sr与δ13CDIC关系
Fig. 11. Plots of the correlations among different ions and isotopes
表 1 研究区冻结层上水和河水的理化与同位素组成统计分析
Table 1. Statistical table of physical, chemical and isotopic composition of groundwater and surface water samples
理化指标样品类型指标 pH T（℃） EC（μs/cm） TDS K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO3- SO42- Cl- NO3- （mg/L） 冻结层上水 最大值 8.61 5.8 711.0 527.5 2.5 160.8 98.4 38.0 468.9 87.1 7.9 45.6 最小值 7.15 0.1 253.7 166.8 0.3 3.4 40.3 6.4 142.8 0.9 0.2 0 平均值 7.96 2.3 437.2 303.1 1.7 34.4 65.8 17.5 274.6 30.6 3.4 9.7 标准偏差 0.44 1.7 144.5 116.4 0.8 45.3 16.8 8.5 96.6 26.3 2.6 13.2 多索河和小多索河 最大值 9.08 10.5 1 016.0 571.8 6.8 143.8 94.3 46.2 359.9 179.2 9.4 71.8 最小值 7.81 2.1 263.3 171.8 0.4 4.2 51.1 6.7 136.0 15.4 1.2 1.0 平均值 8.40 7.1 556.5 349.9 2.2 35.6 72.8 20.4 223.5 79.3 3.5 18.2 标准偏差 0.26 2.2 190.8 114.6 1.4 30.7 11.8 9.0 59.7 40.4 2.0 21.1 大通河源区干支流 最大值 8.47 11.4 809.0 461.4 2.7 60.2 83.8 27.1 261.6 109.9 10.6 33.5 最小值 8.19 7.2 421.5 223.4 1.0 6.5 61.6 11.3 190.2 28.7 3.3 0.7 平均值 8.32 10.1 562.7 311.1 2.0 25.2 74.6 19.7 226.9 53.9 7.1 9.5 标准偏差 0.10 1.4 128.9 77.2 0.5 17.7 7.3 5.2 28.7 25.9 2.2 11.9 理化指标样品类型 Sr2+ Si DIC DOC δD δ18O-H2O d-excess δ13CDIC δ13CDOC δ15N-NO3 δ34S-SO4 87Sr/86Sr （mg/L） (‰ vs. VSMOW) (‰ vs. VPDB) (‰ vs. Air N2) (‰ vs. VCDT) 冻结层上水 最大值 0.56 3.25 75.07 3.77 ‒43.2 ‒7.20 19.90 ‒3.2 ‒25.7 5.63 9.10 0.714 26 最小值 0.20 1.57 22.32 2.01 ‒51.1 ‒8.58 13.84 ‒10.6 ‒27.0 ‒3.44 6.10 0.711 24 平均值 0.38 2.20 42.06 2.96 ‒47.4 ‒8.06 17.11 ‒6.9 ‒26.3 1.50 7.56 0.712 17 标准偏差 0.13 0.55 15.35 0.64 3.0 0.50 1.96 2.2 0.4 3.09 1.12 0.000 9 多索河和小多索河 最大值 1.02 2.08 57.23 6.36 ‒26.8 ‒6.29 25.18 ‒4.4 ‒26.0 5.71 13.70 0.713 69 最小值 0.21 0.90 23.54 1.95 ‒49.7 ‒8.87 15.05 ‒8.8 ‒27.3 2.32 1.40 0.711 57 平均值 0.49 1.72 37.22 3.29 ‒42.6 ‒7.81 19.91 ‒6.6 ‒26.8 3.76 6.17 0.712 43 标准偏差 0.17 0.26 8.74 0.81 4.0 0.57 2.79 1.5 0.3 0.92 3.92 0.000 65 大通河源区干支流 最大值 0.61 2.18 43.85 5.36 ‒32.6 ‒6.11 20.06 ‒6.1 ‒27.1 3.59 / 0.715 22 最小值 0.31 1.60 33.31 4.00 ‒40.5 ‒7.07 14.89 ‒6.4 ‒27.2 2.34 / 0.711 83 平均值 0.42 1.83 38.50 4.76 ‒36.4 ‒6.70 17.17 ‒6.2 ‒27.2 3.13 / 0.713 32 标准偏差 0.10 0.20 4.05 0.50 2.4 0.32 1.76 0.2 0.05 0.57 / 0.001 
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