Groundwater Resources Evaluation in the Pearl River Basin Based on SWAT Model
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摘要: 在梳理珠江流域地下水资源评价现状及历史的基础上，讨论了SWAT分布式水文模型基本原理和基础数据库，将珠江流域划分为129个地下水子流域，充分考虑岩溶、基岩裂隙及孔隙含水介质参数敏感性的基础上，基于9个水文站2008-2016年逐月实测径流量进行参数率定和模型校准，并根据1957-2017年降雨量计算不同年份降雨保证率，分析评价珠江流域多年地下水资源量，最后开展降雨入渗系数和地下水补给模数参数反演.通过本次评价，珠江流域2010-2016年平均补给量为1 488.02亿m3，特枯年（2011）、平水年（2010）及丰水年（2016）地下水总补给量分别为719.49亿m3、1 446.82亿m3、1 781.87亿m3，其中丰水年的降雨量约为特枯年的1.7倍，地下水补给量为2.48倍，岩溶、基岩裂隙及孔隙含水介质的年均补给总量分别为529.91亿m3、445.13亿m3、512.98亿m3，通过参数反演获得年均地下水补给模数为10.83 L/s·km2，降雨入渗系数为0.246，以期为流域内地下水开发利用与治理保护提供数据支撑和科学服务.Abstract: On the basis of reviewing the current situation and history of groundwater resources evaluation in the Pearl River basin, this paper discusses the basic principle and basic database of SWAT distributed hydrological model. We divided the Pearl River basin into 129 four-level groundwater systems, and fully considered the parameter sensitivity of karst, bedrock fissures and pore aquifer media. Based on the monthly measured runoff of 9 hydrological stations from 2008 to 2016, we carried out parameter calibration and model calibration, calculated the rainfall assurance rate in different years according to the rainfall from 1957 to 2017, analyzed and evaluated the multi-year groundwater resources in the Pearl River basin. Finally, we carried out the inversion of rainfall infiltration coefficient and groundwater recharge model parameters. Through this assessment, the average recharge of the Pearl River basin from 2010 to 2016 is 148.802 billion m3, and the total recharge of groundwater in extra dry years (2011), normal years (2010) and high water years (2016) are 71.949 billion m3, 144.682 billion m3 and 178.187 billion m3 respectively, of which the rainfall in high water years is about 1.7 times that in extra dry years, the groundwater recharge is 2.48 times, karst. The total annual recharge of bedrock fissure and pore water bearing medium is 52.991 billion m3, 44.513 billion m3 and 51.298 billion m3 respectively. Through parameter inversion, the average annual groundwater recharge modulus is 10.83 L/s·km2 and the rainfall infiltration coefficient is 0.246, in order to provide data support and scientific services for groundwater development, utilization, treatment and protection in the basin.
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图 1 珠江流域含水岩组及二级分区
Fig. 1. Water bearing rock formations and secondary watershed boundary of the Pearl River basin
图 2 珠江流域干流方向海拔分布
Fig. 2. Altitude distribution along the main stream of the Pearl River basin
图 4 珠江流域水文及雨量站分布
Fig. 4. Distribution of hydrological and rainfall stations in the Pearl River basin
图 8 水文站月径流模拟值与实测值对比曲线
Fig. 8. Comparison curve between simulated and measured monthly runoff of hydrological station
图 9 反演降雨入渗系数分布
Fig. 9. Distribution map of inversion of rainfall infiltration coefficient
表 1 珠江流域模型需要的基础地理数据
Table 1. Basic geographic data for the model
数据类型 数据来源 数据描述 数字高程模型（DEM） 地理空间数据云 2003年精度为90 m×90 m的数据，DEM数据用来提取坡度和坡长，确定子流域的位置和数量，同时用来生成河网水系，确定流域出口 土壤类型及属性数据 FAO网站下载HWSD数据（世界土壤数据库） 2010年1∶100万土壤数据，分辨率为1 km2，根据土壤物理参数对土壤类型进行重新分类，划分27种土壤类型 土地利用类型数据 寒区旱区环境与工程研究所遥感与地理信息科学研究室 2015年1∶10万土地利用数据，分辨率为1 km.珠江流域土地利用类型分为9类 气象数据 中国气象数据网（ http://data.cma.cn/ ）500 m分辨率、中国1980年以来逐年年降水量、气温空间插值数据集 径流数据 云南、贵州、广西、广东水文水资源局 2010-2016年天生桥、柳州、贵港、南宁、梧州、飞来峡、河源、三水、马口站逐月流量观测数据 基础地理底图 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所 1∶250 000矢量地理底图，包括矢量水系等 水文地质图 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所 1∶500 000水文地质图，包括含水岩组等 
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表 2 珠江流域模型参数敏感性排名
Table 2. Sensitivity ranking of model parameters in the Pearl River basin
Parameter Name 岩溶水 基岩裂隙水 第四系孔隙水 t-Stat 敏感性排名 t-Stat 敏感性排名 t-Stat 敏感性排名 V__GWQMN.gw ‒3.087 1 ‒1.704 2 ‒3.541 1 V__CN2.mgt 1.799 2 3.113 1 2.821 2 V__GW_REVAP.gw 1.105 3 ‒0.503 6 ‒1.212 4 V__GW_DELAY.gw ‒0.949 4 0.367 8 ‒0.246 8 V__ALPHA_BF.gw 0.862 5 1.355 3 1.278 3 V__REVAPMN.gw 0.284 6 0.436 7 ‒0.219 9 V__RCHRG_DP.gw 0.001 7 0.014 10 0.088 10 V__SOL_AWC(..).sol ‒ ‒ 0.316 9 ‒1.064 5 V__ESCO.bsn ‒ ‒ 1.191 4 1.023 6 V__CH_K2.rte ‒ ‒ ‒0.992 0 5 ‒0.962 7
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表 3 模型参数率定结果
Table 3. Calibration results of model parameters
编号 Parameter Name 参数初始范围 岩溶水范围 裂隙水范围 孔隙水范围 1 V__CN2.mgt 35~98 60~64 83~85 70~74 2 v__ALPHA_BF.gw 0~1 0.9~0.94 0.45~0.55 0.1~0.2 3 v__GW_DELAY.gw 0~500 5~45 50~90 20~70 4 v__GWQMN.gw 0~5 000 700~800 880~950 500~1 000 5 v__GW_REVAP.gw 0.01~0.2 0.02~0.03 0.01~0.012 0.01~0.06 6 v__REVAPMN.gw 0~600 550~700 200~260 450~500 7 v__RCHRG_DP.gw 0~1 0~0.005 0~0.005 0~0.005 8 v__SOL_AWC(1).sol 0~1 ‒ 0.15~0.18 0.03~0.12 9 v__CH_K2.rte ‒0.01~500 ‒ 70~90 300~350 10 V__ESCO.bsn 0~1 ‒ 0.9~0.94 0.3~0.4
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表 4 NSE与R2因子可信度分布区间
Table 4. Reliability distribution interval of NSE and R2 factor
模型可靠性 NSE R2 非常好 0.75 < NSE≤1.00 0.8 < R2≤1.00 良好 0.65 < NSE≤0.75 0.70 < R2≤0.80 一般 0.50 < NSE≤0.65 0.50 < R2≤0.69 不满足 NSE≤0.50 R2≤0.50
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表 5 各二级流域不同降雨保证率
Table 5. Different rainfall assurance rates of each secondary watershed
二级流域 2%（年份）（mm） 25%(mm) 50%（mm） 75%（mm） 95%（mm） 98%（年份）（mm） 珠江三角洲 2 605.60（2016） 1 976.45 1 770.84 1 595.74 1 393.34 1 310.1（1991） 北江 2 404.19（2016） 1 976.45 1 770.84 1 595.74 1 393.34 1 329.33（1991） 东江 2 541.95（2016） 1 997.19 1 765.51 1 569.65 1 345.68 1 268.83（1991） 西江 2 102.88（2016） 1 788.15 1 608.21 1 439.67 1 216.61 1183.01（1991） 南北盘江 1 353.99（1983） 1 221.36 1 129.79 1 038.43 907.36 705.35（2011） 红柳江 1 987.33（1994） 1 645.82 1 510.52 1 380.30 1 201.71 1 125.63（2011） 郁江 1 762.86（2001） 1 546.44 1 420.57 1 296.95 1 123.01 1 063.14（1989）
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表 6 珠江流域地下水资源量
Table 6. Groundwater resources in the Pearl River basin
特征年 珠江流域资源量 7年平均补给量 1 488.02×108 m3 特枯年总补给量 719.49×108 m3 平水年总补给量 1 446.82×108 m3 丰水年总补给量 1 781.87×108 m3
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表 7 2010-2016年地下水补给资源量、补给模数计算结果（108m3/a、L/s·km2）
Table 7. Calculation results of groundwater recharge resources and recharge modulus from 2010 to 2016
含水岩组 特枯年（2011） 平水年（2010） 丰水年（2016） 7年平均 补给总量 补给模数 补给总量 补给模数 补给总量 补给模数 补给总量 岩溶水 240.253 37 6.92 514.493 70 13.42 530.005 26 13.87 529.910 98 基岩裂隙水 203.419 87 2.72 445.555 38 6.77 603.224 99 9.52 445.125 23 第四系孔隙水 275.816 76 11.51 486.770 91 19.56 648.639 75 27.13 512.983 79
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表 8 珠江干流主要参与调度水库
Table 8. The main stream of the Pearl River is mainly involved in the regulation of reservoirs
特性 天生桥一级（南北盘江） 龙滩（红水河） 百色（郁江） 飞来峡（北江） 长洲（西江） 集水面积(km2) 50 139 98 500 19 600 34 097 308 600 多年平均流量(m3/s) 612 1 610 263 1 100 6 120 正常蓄水位(m) 780 375 228 24 20.6 死水位(m) 731 330 203 18 18.6 调节库容(亿m3) 57.96 111.5 26.2 3.23 1.0 发电引用流量(m3/s) 1 248 1 533 692 1 730 / 调节性能 多年 年 不完全多年 不完全多年 /
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