Geology-Engineering Intergration Shale Gas Sweet Spot Evaluation Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process: Application to Zhaotong Shale Gas Demonstration District, Taiyang Shale Gas Field, Haiba Area, X Well Region
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摘要: “甜点”是页岩气储层中相对高产的层位和区域，地质甜点、工程甜点和综合甜点的合理预测及评价，是页岩气规模效益开发的基础之一.针对页岩气储层甜点多参数综合定量评价，引入层次分析法，综合地质与工程要素，基于高分辨率三维地质模型，形成了地质工程一体化页岩气甜点评价的新方法，进行页岩气储层甜点区域的预测.首先，综合前人研究成果，建立了一种页岩气地质甜点、工程甜点和综合甜点评价的指标体系；随后，设计了基于层次分析法的页岩气储层地质工程一体化甜点评价方法的技术路线；最后，采用昭通页岩气田海坝区块X井区实例数据，基于该区域高分辨率三维地质模型，根据形成的甜点评价方法，进行了研究区地质甜点、工程甜点和综合甜点的预测和评价.结果表明，该方法可以综合地质和工程的多种评价指标，实现了昭通页岩气田海坝区块X井区地质甜点、工程甜点和综合甜点的评价，评价的甜点区域主要分布在奥陶系五峰组，志留系龙马溪组一段1亚段1小层、2小层和3小层（L111，L112，L113），4小层（L114）相对较少.基于层次分析法的页岩气储层地质工程一体化甜点评价，可以将定性分析和定量分析相结合，为页岩气甜点的圈定提供了一种新思路，提高了甜点评价结果的合理性和准确性.Abstract: Sweet spot is a relatively high production formation and region in shale gas reservoir. The reasonable prediction and evaluation of geological sweet spot, engineering sweet spot and comprehensive sweet spot is the key to economical and efficient development of shale gas field. To solve the problem of shale gas sweet spot evaluation based on multi-parameter, a new geology-engineering integration shale gas sweet spot evaluation method is introduced. Base on the high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) attributer models, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to combine the geological sweet spot evaluation indices and engineering sweet spot evaluation indices. Firstly, by integrating the previous researches, a shale gas sweet spot evaluation system is established for geological, engineering and comprehensive sweet spot evaluations. Secondly, the technical route of geology-engineering integration sweet spot evaluation method for shale gas reservoir based on AHP is designed. Lastly, data from X well region in Taiyang shale gas field of Zhaotong shale gas demonstration area are employed to verify the validity of proposed approach. Base on the high-resolution 3D models of the target area, the geological, engineering and comprehensive sweet spot has been evaluated by using the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach can realize the evaluation of geological, engineering and comprehensive sweet spot for the target area by integrating geological and engineering indices. The evaluation results show that sweet spot is mainly distributed in Ordovician Wufeng Formation (WF) and the first three layers of the first sub-formation of the first Silurian Longmaxi Formation (L111, L112 and L113). While, the sweet spot in the fourth layer of the first sub-formation of the first Silurian Longmaxi Formation (L114) is relatively rarely distributed. By combining the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, the proposed geology-engineering integration sweet spot evaluation approach for shale gas reservoir based on AHP provides a new route for the delineation of shale gas sweet spot. Meanwhile, the proposed route can improve the rationality and accuracy of shale gas sweet spot evaluation results to some extent.
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图 2 基于层次分析法的页岩气甜点评价技术路线
Fig. 2. Technical diagram of shale gas evaluation based on analytic hierarchy process
图 4 研究区三维地质模型
共包含5层：绿色为龙马溪组一段1亚段4小层（L114），橙色为龙马溪组一段1亚段3小层（L113），粉色为龙马溪组一段1亚段2小层（L112），紫色为龙马溪组一段1亚段1小层（L111），青色为五峰组（WF）（通过Petrel可视化）
Fig. 4. 3D geological model for the study area
图 5 地质甜点、工程甜点和综合甜点评价参数选择、判断矩阵构建、阈值设定和综合点甜点叠加
a.地质甜点评价参数选择及判断矩阵参数构建示意图；b.工程甜点评价参数选择及判断矩阵参数构建示意图；c.地质甜点与工程甜点阈值设定及综合甜点叠合示意图（自研软件平台软件界面）研究区内平均地层压力系数为1.03~1.60，平均1.25，为微超压‒超压区.
Fig. 5. Geological sweet spot, engineering sweet spot and comprehensive sweet spot evaluation parameter selection, judgment matrix construction, threshold setting and comprehensive sweet spot superposition
图 6 研究区地质甜点部分三维评价指标模型
Fig. 6. 3D model of geological sweet spot evaluation index of the study area
图 7 研究区工程甜点部分三维评价指标模型
Fig. 7. 3D model of engineering sweet spot evaluation index of the study area
图 8 研究区地质甜点、工程甜点和综合甜点三维评价结果
a.基于地质甜点评价指标的三维地质甜点甜度分布；b.基于工程甜点评价指标的三维工程甜点甜度分布；c.基于地质甜点和工程甜点叠合的三维综合甜点评价结果（仅保留红色网格的甜点区域，通过自研软件平台可视化）
Fig. 8. 3D evaluation results of geological, engineering and comprehensive sweet spots of the study area
图 9 研究区综合甜点评价二维评价结果
a.五峰组;b.龙马溪组L111小层;c.龙马溪组L112小层;d.龙马溪组L113小层;e.龙马溪组L114小层(仪保留甜点区域,通过Petrel可视化)
Fig. 9. Two-dimensional comprehensive sweet spot evaluation results of the study area
表 1 层次分析法相对重要性标度
Table 1. Reference value of index relative importance in analytic hierarchy process
标度值 标度含义 1 评价指标A与评价指标B同等重要 3 评价指标A与评价指标B略微重要 5 评价指标A与评价指标B比较重要 7 评价指标A与评价指标B非常重要 9 评价指标A与评价指标B绝对重要 2, 4, 6, 8 分别代表处于上述判断之间状态对应的中间值 倒数 评价指标A相对于评价指标B的重要性为x，则B相对于A的重要性为1/x 
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表 2 地质甜点或工程甜点评价指标专家评价参数
Table 2. Expert evaluation index for geological or engineering sweet spot evaluation
评价指标A 评价指标B 评价指标C 评价指标D 评价指标E 评价指标F 评价指标G 评价指标A 1 2 2.5 2 3 2 1 评价指标B 1/2 1 3 1.5 4 3 9 评价指标C 1/2.5 1/3 1 2 2 5 1 评价指标D 1/2 1/1.5 1/2 1 3 6 8 评价指标E 1/3 1/4 1/2 1/3 1 2 1 评价指标F 1/2 1/3 1/5 1/6 1/2 1 7 评价指标G 1/1 1/9 1/1 1/8 1/1 1/7 1 注：专家打分时仅需要完成表中黑色部分重要性标度值的判断，红色部分自动计算.
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表 3 地质甜点和工程甜点专家评价参数
Table 3. Expert evaluation index between geological and engineering sweet spot evaluation
地质甜点 工程甜点 地质甜点 1 2 工程甜点 1/2 1 注：专家打分时仅需要完成表中黑色部分重要性标度值的判断，红色部分自动计算.
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表 4 研究区各小层部分主要参数
Table 4. Main attributes of each layer in the study area
层位平均含量 五峰组 1小层 2小层 3小层 4小层 TOC（%） 3.3 5.1 3.6 3 1.5 含气饱和度（%） 62.11 74.12 67.08 55.05 40.18 总含气量（m3/t） 3.1 4.4 3.2 2.6 1.4 吸附气含量（m3/t） 2.03 2.81 2.13 1.82 0.92 孔隙度（%） 4.2 5.1 4.1 3.8 2.7 基质渗透率（10-9 µm2） 167.32 186.16 184.67 165.96 111.51
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表 5 自然资源部页岩气层分类评价标准
Table 5. Shale gas reservoir classification standard of Ministry of Natural Resources of China
评价参数
类别TOC 有效孔隙度 含气量(m3/t) Ⅰ类页岩气层 > 3% > 4% > 3 Ⅱ类页岩气层 2%~3% 3%~4% 2~3 Ⅲ类页岩气层 1%~2% 2%~3% 1~2 Ⅳ类页岩气层 < 1% < 2% < 1
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表 6 中国石油页岩气层分类评价标准
Table 6. Shale gas reservoir classification standard of PetroChina
评价参数类别 TOC 有效孔隙度 含气量(m3/t) 脆性含量 Ⅰ类页岩气层 > 3% > 5% > 3 55% Ⅱ类页岩气层 2%~3% 3%~5% 2~3 45%~55% Ⅲ类页岩气层 1%~2% 2%~3% 1~2 - Ⅳ类页岩气层 < 1% < 2% < 1 < 45%
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