Indosinian Hydrothermal Activities in Xitieshan Area, North Qaidam: Insight from 40Ar/39Ar Dating by In Vacuo Crushing of Eclogitic Garnet and Quartz Vein
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摘要: 为了示踪锡铁山超高压变质岩折返到浅部地壳后遭受后期热液流体叠加的年代及流体来源，首次采用真空击碎提取流体包裹体和粉末阶段加热40Ar/39Ar测年技术，对区内强退变质榴辉岩中的石榴子石与围岩片麻岩中接触部位的石英脉进行直接定年.石榴子石和石英都形成了单调递减的阶梯状表观年龄图谱.石榴子石真空击碎19至25阶段（末阶段）数据点构成平坦的年龄坪，对应的数据点在36Ar/40Ar-39Ar/40Ar图解上形成相关性很好的反等时线，等时年龄（222.6±16.7 Ma）与坪年龄（226.3±3.9 Ma）在误差范围内一致.真空击碎后的粉末进一步进行了分步加热分析（450~950 ℃共6阶段），获得了相对平坦的表观年龄图谱，对应坪年龄（212.0±9.0 Ma）和反等时线年龄（212.1±8.1 Ma）非常一致.石英脉09NQ39B则由19~29阶段数据点构成年龄坪，对应的坪年龄为222.8±1.2 Ma.榴辉岩中的石榴子石和石英脉同时记录了锡铁山地区印支晚期一期重要热液流体和热液蚀变事件，推测流体来源为沿区域性韧性剪切和透入性片理带入的浅部流体.强烈的晚期流体活动可能是导致该地区榴辉岩发生强烈退化变质作用，以及超高压变质指示矿物（如柯石英、金刚石等）难以保存的原因之一.Abstract: One garnet sample from an extensively retrogressed eclogite and a quartz vein located at the boundary between the host gneiss and the eclogite lens from the Xitieshan terrane, North Qaidam, western China, have been analyzed by joint 40Ar/39Ar in vacuo crushing and stepwise heating techniques. The results provide significant information to directly constrain the origin and timing of hydrothermal fluid flow activity, as well as the age of the vein-forming. The stepwise heating result could further be used to decipher the hydrothermal alteration history of the ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks. Garnet sample analyzed by in vacuo crushing forms a falling-down age spectrum and yields a relatively flat age plateaus for the last 7 steps (19 to 25) with a plateau age of 226.3±3.9 Ma (2σ). These data points constitute the plateau age yielding an excellent isochron with an isochron age of 222.6±16.7 Ma and initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 297±6. The crushed powders of the garnet yields, with further stepwise heating, a flat age spectrum with plateau age of 212.0±9.0 Ma, which defined a good isochron with an age of 212.1±8.1 Ma and initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 296±1. These results illustrate that the Xitieshan eclogites and their retrogressed equivalents were intensively overprinted by hydrothermal event in the Late Triassic. Quartz samples dated by 40Ar/39Ar in vacuo crushing method yield monotonic declining release patterns: anomalously old apparent ages are obtained at the first steps and relative flat age plateaus of 222.8±1.2 Ma over the final several steps. The gases liberated in the final steps are most derived from radiogenic and trapped argon in small primary fluid inclusions and pseudo-secondary fluid inclusions and also atmospheric argon from the crusher. The plateau age is interpreted as the best estimate for the age of quartz veining formation, witnessing a significant aqueous fluid flow episode during the Late Indosinian Period. Microthermometry analyses and 40Ar/39Ar in vacuo crushing dating suggest that the secondary inclusions may be originated from the extraneous 40Ar rich post-hydrothermal fluid from the depth. In contrast, it hypothesizes that these fluids of primary fluid inclusions mainly derived from meteoric waters transported by regional ductile fault/shearing zones and permeable schistosity. The garnet and quartz vein crushing results also suggest that the structurally-controlled fluid-rock interaction and rock metasomatism, resulting in that eclogites are extensively retrogressed and UHP metamorphic indicator minerals (such as coesite and diamond) are rarely preserved in the Xitieshan terrane.
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Key words:
- 40Ar/39Ar in vacuo crushing /
- fluid inclusion /
- quartz vein /
- hydrothermal alteration /
- Xitieshan terrane /
- ore deposit
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图 1 柴北缘超高压变质带中超高压变质岩的分布(a)；锡铁山地区地质简图及样品位置(b)
榴辉岩中长英质脉体年代学数据参考文献Chen et al.（2012）
Fig. 1. Sketch map showing distribution of UHP metamorphic terranes in the North Qaidam orogenic belt (a), sketch map of the Xitieshan terrane showing sample locations (b)
图 2 柴北缘超高压变质带锡铁山地区强角闪石化石英榴辉岩(09NQ39A)以及与围岩片麻岩接触部位石英脉(09NQ39B)野外照片(a)；强角闪石化石英榴辉岩显微照片(单偏光)(b)；石榴子石裂纹被绿泥石填充(c)；石榴子石中的原生流体包裹体显微照片(d~e)；石英脉原生流体包裹体显微照片(f)；石英脉次生流体包裹体显微照片(g~h)
Grt.石榴子石；Amp.角闪石；Qz.石英；Chl.绿泥石；Ttn.榍石；L.液相；V.气相
Fig. 2. Field photograph of strong retrograde eclogite (09NQ39A) and quartz vein (09NQ39B) located at the boundary between the host gneiss and the eclogite lens from Xitieshan terrane, North Qaidam orogen (a); photomicrograph in plane-polarized light (PPL) showing paragenesis and texture of retrograde eclogite (b); garnet cracks filled by chlorite (c); primary fluid inclusions in garnet (d-e); primary fluid inclusion in quartz (f); secondary fluid inclusions in quartz (g-h)
图 3 石榴子石真空击碎与粉末阶段加热40Ar/39Ar年龄谱(a)和反等时线(b)图
Fig. 3. Plots of the age spectrum (a) and inverse isochron (b) of garnet based on the 40Ar/39Ar results by progressive In vacuo crushing and crushed powders stepwise heating
图 4 石榴子石真空击碎与粉末阶段加热40Ar/39Ar定年K/Ca图
Fig. 4. Plots of the K/Ca of garnet based on the 40Ar/39Ar results by progressive In vacuo crushing and crushed powders stepwise heating
图 5 石英脉真空击碎40Ar/39Ar年龄谱(a和b)和反等时线(c)图
Fig. 5. Plots of the age and K/Ca spectrum (a, b) and inverse isochron (c) of quartz based on the 40Ar/39Ar results by progressive In vacuo crushing
图 6 石榴子石和石英真空击碎Ar同位素释气图
Fig. 6. Argon release patterns during progressive crushing for garnet and quartz
图 7 石榴子石和石英真空击碎提取流体包裹体40Ar*/38ArCl vs. 39ArK/38ArCl相关性图
构成年龄坪的数据点（■）呈现出极好的相关性并给出了与坪年龄基本一致的K-Cl等时线年龄（分别为237.9 Ma和222.9 Ma）
Fig. 7. Plots of 40Ar*/38ArCl 39ArK/38ArCl vs. based on the 40Ar/39Ar data of garnet and quartz by progressive crushing
表 1 锡铁山石榴子石和石英40Ar/39Ar分析结果
Table 1. 40Ar/39Ar dating results for garnet and quartz from Xitieshan terrane
阶段 击碎次数 36ArA 37ArCa 38ArCl 39ArK 40Ar* t±2σ(Ma) 40Ar*(%) 39ArK(%) K/Ca±2σ 石榴子石(09NQ39A-Grt)真空击碎, J= 0.005 059 30, I0=295.5, 锡铁山 1 4 83.39 570.71 4.91 132.50 255 424.31 4 285.0± 40.4 91.20 0.89 0.100± 0.007 2 8 71.02 924.40 3.35 150.40 159 774.91 3 341.7± 31.1 88.39 1.01 0.070± 0.005 3 12 37.38 1 144.03 2.32 167.01 91 082.96 2 389.0± 32.1 89.18 1.12 0.063± 0.004 4 20 102.96 1 397.70 1.50 162.67 69 807.51 2 082.1± 28.0 69.65 1.09 0.050± 0.003 5 30 132.95 1 811.20 1.80 214.71 78 378.14 1 887.5± 34.8 66.61 1.44 0.051± 0.003 6 40 124.11 4 008.23 3.17 402.28 93 713.96 1 404.8± 15.6 71.87 2.70 0.043± 0.002 7 60 184.48 5 878.43 3.80 469.85 77 101.75 1 090.5± 11.8 58.58 3.16 0.034± 0.002 8 80 190.94 7 281.72 4.90 534.87 55 290.71 758.9± 15.5 49.49 3.60 0.032± 0.001 9 110 275.60 8 854.34 6.93 644.64 62 624.45 721.2± 11.0 43.47 4.33 0.031± 0.001 10 140 235.24 10 694.81 2.97 801.64 63 831.69 610.7± 9.6 47.87 5.39 0.032± 0.001 11 170 248.97 13 147.79 3.30 940.25 64 386.70 536.7± 6.9 46.67 6.32 0.031± 0.001 12 190 238.37 12 792.42 6.30 857.66 50 158.93 467.6± 9.0 41.59 5.77 0.029± 0.001 13 190 235.66 12 515.59 5.68 789.54 38 547.95 398.3± 10.3 35.63 5.31 0.027± 0.001 14 200 226.78 13 129.27 4.02 792.59 45 113.49 456.6± 8.8 40.23 5.33 0.026± 0.001 15 200 205.03 12 582.73 4.52 780.90 32 511.80 344.8± 6.7 34.92 5.25 0.027± 0.001 16 220 232.29 12 272.95 2.32 674.35 24 780.57 307.6± 10.1 26.53 4.53 0.024± 0.001 17 240 286.22 14 112.43 6.40 740.00 23 615.79 270.0± 11.9 21.83 4.98 0.023± 0.001 18 260 274.52 16 381.67 7.09 860.54 26 586.05 262.0± 7.3 24.68 5.79 0.023± 0.001 19* 280 238.41 18 966.18 4.52 840.53 22 929.32 233.2± 8.5 24.55 5.65 0.019± 0.001 20* 320 245.16 20 680.74 10.33 774.07 20 566.26 227.5± 10.6 22.11 5.20 0.016± 0.001 21* 360 249.53 22 358.34 6.60 745.56 19 402.54 223.1± 8.9 20.83 5.01 0.014± 0.001 22* 340 194.15 23 035.05 5.42 664.76 17 395.30 224.3± 9.0 23.27 4.47 0.012± 0.001 23* 320 151.85 21 748.81 5.30 571.08 14 608.53 219.6± 10.4 24.56 3.84 0.011± 0.000 24* 360 196.79 22 878.30 4.83 583.33 15 654.83 229.7± 15.2 21.21 3.92 0.011± 0.000 25* 400 238.96 25 315.62 7.09 577.08 15 311.14 227.2± 15.6 17.82 3.88 0.010± 0.000 石英(09NQ39B-Qz)真空击碎, J= 0.0058 101 81, I0=295.5, 锡铁山 1 60 214.61 444.26 7.48 1 085.83 219 381.38 1 400.9± 21.8 77.57 1.50 1.05± 0.12 2 80 175.68 466.14 2.26 1 171.97 13 8954.85 945.5± 8.1 72.80 1.61 1.08± 0.14 3 120 284.10 735.41 9.14 2 177.22 201 583.44 776.6± 4.0 70.60 3.00 1.27± 0.14 4 150 216.10 782.52 2.33 2 495.35 162 230.97 578.1± 3.8 71.75 3.44 1.37± 0.13 5 180 265.57 925.14 7.05 2 736.14 162 960.64 536.1± 4.2 67.50 3.77 1.27± 0.10 6 200 282.22 876.41 1.42 2 610.17 148 576.84 515.5± 4.0 64.05 3.60 1.28± 0.12 7 220 239.12 977.65 8.21 2 618.07 139 527.44 486.7± 3.2 66.38 3.61 1.15± 0.11 8 260 310.38 1 130.53 17.67 3 311.83 162 838.60 453.3± 3.6 63.97 4.56 1.26± 0.13 9 300 263.90 1 162.60 1.56 2 797.86 126 921.90 422.1± 3.3 61.94 3.85 1.03± 0.10 10 300 246.83 1 088.53 5.35 2 397.26 98 318.89 385.6± 4.6 57.41 3.30 0.95± 0.07 11 320 280.79 1 107.70 5.16 2 436.73 101 327.56 390.4± 4.3 54.98 3.36 0.95± 0.08 12 380 263.56 1 222.17 8.16 2 539.64 91 470.03 342.8± 9.7 54.01 3.50 0.89± 0.11 石英(09NQ39B-Qz)真空击碎, J= 0.0058 101 81, I0=295.5, 锡铁山 13 380 213.87 1 121.20 7.64 2 268.00 78 176.22 329.3± 3.8 55.30 3.12 0.87± 0.09 14 300 163.43 895.76 9.94 1 780.88 57 946.82 312.4± 4.5 54.54 2.45 0.85± 0.08 15 400 161.86 1 160.61 2.58 2 334.12 72 667.81 300.0± 3.1 60.31 3.22 0.86± 0.06 16 450 203.53 1 408.19 9.72 2 536.16 77 800.81 295.9± 3.7 56.40 3.49 0.77± 0.06 17 500 145.88 1 058.09 1.49 2 298.31 61 585.90 261.0± 5.2 58.82 3.17 0.93± 0.08 18 400 207.53 1 147.96 9.95 2 572.42 64 610.11 245.7± 3.5 51.30 3.54 0.96± 0.10 19* 450 203.02 1 075.26 18.50 2 204.71 49 947.68 223.1± 4.2 45.43 3.04 0.88± 0.05 20* 500 200.88 1 095.46 18.00 2 358.43 52 510.18 219.5± 6.9 46.94 3.25 0.93± 0.14 21* 400 185.70 1 157.96 20.73 2 485.43 56 719.35 224.6± 3.0 50.83 3.42 0.92± 0.07 22* 450 142.85 919.56 10.11 2 134.43 48 053.53 221.8± 2.6 53.24 2.94 1.00± 0.11 23* 500 186.23 1 079.64 14.98 2 654.99 59 728.32 221.6± 7.3 52.05 3.66 1.06± 0.07 24* 550 332.16 1 141.52 10.63 2 410.65 54 775.56 223.7± 4.1 35.82 3.32 0.91± 0.09 25* 600 281.17 1 311.38 18.23 2 946.83 66 896.29 223.5± 2.7 44.60 4.06 0.97± 0.12 26* 700 303.24 1 351.12 5.65 3 270.57 74 196.83 223.4± 6.3 45.30 4.51 1.04± 0.07 27* 800 473.83 1 537.39 10.33 3 282.68 73 448.16 220.5± 4.4 34.41 4.52 0.92± 0.09 28* 900 469.04 1 649.78 13.24 3 840.74 86 091.43 220.9± 4.8 38.31 5.29 1.00± 0.08 29* 1000 293.60 1 338.65 43.75 2 828.26 64 141.45 223.3± 3.2 42.50 3.90 0.91± 0.09 阶段 T(℃) 36ArA 37ArCa 38ArCl 39ArK 40Ar* t±2σ(Ma) 40Ar*(%) 39ArK (%) K/Ca±2σ 石榴子石(09NQ39A-Grt)残余粉末阶段加热, J= 0.005 059 30, I0=295.5, 锡铁山 1 450 1 931.57 37 776.67 25.88 4 920.21 120 466.12 210.7± 7.6 17.43 41.90 0.056± 0.002 2 550 1 221.18 18 797.03 8.12 1 074.02 26 276.88 210.5± 25.7 6.79 9.15 0.025± 0.001 3 650 1 250.95 33 258.71 3.71 1 086.70 30 101.21 236.6± 22.0 7.53 9.25 0.014± 0.001 4 750 3 183.42 136 776.74 7.57 1 843.83 43 006.56 201.2± 32.8 4.37 15.70 0.006± 0.000 5 800 3 280.74 175 360.56 6.29 1 296.03 34 061.05 225.2± 45.0 3.39 11.04 0.003± 0.000 6 950 3 292.72 175 116.41 7.77 1 521.44 30 272.27 173.0± 43.0 3.02 12.96 0.004± 0.000 注：*用于计算坪年龄和等时年龄的数据；Ar同位素分析质谱型号为Quadrupole，Ar同位素单位为cps.Ar同位素下标说明：A表示大气Ar；Ca、Cl和K表示这些元素在中子活化过程中产生的干扰Ar同位素.40Ar* = 40Arm-295.5×36Arm，下标m表示测量值. 
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