Analysis of Advantages of Carbon Neutral Geological Energy Storage in Hydraulically Connected Reservoirs
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摘要: 可再生能源发电的间歇性与低可控性时常导致电力供需不匹配，进而引发弃风现象.电转气（Power-to-gas，PtG）技术可利用多余电能电解水产生的氢气（H2），可与二氧化碳（CO2）人工合成甲烷（CH4），与地质储存技术相结合，有望成为未来有效储能技术选择之一.然而，将CO2与CH4两种流体储存于同一储层中，流体间的混合问题难以避免.若分别储存于不同储层，大量CH4用作垫层气将导致大量能源损失.因此，创新地提出了一种利用水力连通储层进行地质储能的新模式.利用油气藏软件MUFITS建立包含井筒-储层注采系统的三维多相流模型，研究利用水力连通储层进行地质储能的过程及储层中流体运移规律，并通过CO2与CH4生产井的采出量对该储能模式的优势进行量化分析.研究发现，在垫层气注入阶段，注入流体迅速上移，并沿上覆盖层横向运移，CO2饱和度空间分布范围处于可控范围.此外，按照既定的注采速率，CO2目标储层较CH4目标储层的压力响应更为缓和，可借助CO2的易压缩性削弱储层整体压力激增.利用水力连通储层间压力的相互作用，对CO2与CH4均有明显的增产效果.Abstract: The intermittency and low controllability of renewable energy power generation often lead to a mismatch between power supply and demand, which in turn leads to wind abandonment. Power-to-gas (PtG) is a technology that firstly makes full use of excess electrical energy to produce hydrogen (H2) by electrolyzing water, then synthesizes methane (CH4), by combining with carbon dioxide (CO2). Combined with geological storage technology, PtG based subsurface energy storage is expected to become the one of future effective energy storage technology options. However, it is difficult to avoid the mixing of CO2 and CH4 when they are stored in the same reservoir. If stored in different reservoirs, a large amount of CH4 has to be used as cushion gas to maintain the necessary pressure of the reservoir, which causes a large amount of energy loss. Therefore, in this paper it innovatively proposes a new geological energy storage system by using hydraulically connected reservoirs. A three-dimensional multiphase flow model including the wellbore-reservoir injection-production system is established by using reservoir software MUFITS. The process of using hydraulically connected reservoirs for geological energy storage and fluid migration is studied. The advantages of the energy storage model through the production of CO2 and CH4 production wells are quantitatively analyzed. It is found that during the injection stage of cushion gas, the injected fluids move up rapidly and migrates laterally along the overlying layer, the spatial distribution range of CO2 saturation is in a controllable range. In addition, according to the established injection and production rate, the pressure response of the CO2 target reservoir is more moderate than that of the CH4 target reservoir. The overall pressure surge of the reservoir can be weakened due to easy compressibility of CO2. In the process of geological energy storage in hydraulically connecting reservoirs, interaction of pressure between connecting reservoirs has a significant effect on increasing the production of CO2 and CH4.
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图 1 利用水力连通储层进行地质储能示意
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of geological energy storage for hydraulic connected formations
图 3 GASSTORE模块（左）与BLACKOIL模块（右）转换示意
Fig. 3. GASSTORE model (left) can be converted to BLACKOIL model (right)
图 4 水力连通地质储能数值模型
Fig. 4. Numerical model of energy storage for hydraulic connected formations
图 5 每月人工合成CH4和发电消耗CH4的量及其差值变化
Fig. 5. Monthly development of synthesized CH4, combusted CH4 and their difference
图 6 每月捕集的CO2和甲烷化所消耗CO2的量及其差值变化
Fig. 6. Monthly development of captured CO2, consumed CO2 for methanation and their difference
图 11 垫层气注入阶段CH4与CO2饱和度分布
Fig. 11. Saturation distribution of CH4 and CO2 during cushion gas injection
图 12 CH4单独循环注采10年（a）与20年（b）储层饱和度分布
Fig. 12. Saturation distribution in the reservoir after 10 years (a) and 20 years (b) cycling injection and production of CH4
图 13 CO2单独循环注采10年（a）与20年（b）储层饱和度分布
Fig. 13. Saturation distribution in the reservoir after 10 years (a) and 20 years (b) cycling injection and production of CO2
图 16 层间流体相互作用下CO2与CH4采出井井底压力变化
Fig. 16. Bottom hole pressure evolution of CO2 and CH4 during the interaction storage
图 17 层间流体相互作用下的储层压力变化
Fig. 17. Reservoir pressure evolution during the interaction storage
表 1 水力连通地质储能数值模型参数对照
Table 1. Parameter setting of energy storage in different formations models
参数 数值 单位 储层尺寸 2 000×2 000×100 m 网格 25×25×20 - 储层渗透率 X, Y方向：2×10‒13 m2 Z方向：2×10‒14 m2 储层孔隙率 0.25 - CH4注入速率 图 3~图 9 t/d CH4采出速率 图 3~图 9 t/d CH4注入井深度 ‒540 m CH4采出井深度 ‒505 m CO2注入速率 图 3~图 10 t/d CO2注入速率 图 3~图 10 t/d CO2注入井深度 ‒595 m CO2采出井深度 ‒555 m 储层初始水饱和度 1.0 - 储层初始气饱和度 0.0 - 注入井初始水饱和度 0.0 - 残余水饱和度 0.2 - 注入井初始气饱和度 1.0 - 水‒气接触深度 ‒200 m 储层温度 308.15~311.15 K 储层初始压力 5~6 MPa CH4垫层气注入速率 65 t/d CO2垫层气注入速率 308 t/d 初始井头压力 0.1 MPa 
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