Regional Geochemical Distribution and Controlling Factors of Lithium in the Sino⁃Mongolia Border Areas
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摘要: 中蒙边界地区成矿地质条件优越，资源潜力巨大，是国际、国内地学研究和勘查的热点地区.锂能已被国际上公认为未来新能源的发展方向，锂矿成为关键性战略矿产资源调查和研究的热点.随着我国锂资源需求日益增加，了解其在土壤圈中的浓度和分布对缓解我国锂资源短缺问题至关重要. 依托中蒙边界1︰100万地球化学填图数据，探讨了汇水域沉积物中锂的地球化学参数、区域地球化学分布特征以及影响因素. 中蒙边界地区汇水域沉积物锂元素中位值和平均值分别是22.50×10-6和24.46×10-6；阿尔泰构造带、阿尔泰南缘弧盆系锂含量最高，区域浓集系数分别是1.38、1.26，是锂的富集优势区；锂的区域地球化学分布主要受地质背景、成土母岩控制，地理景观、黏土含量、矿床分布等也制约着锂的分布模式. 根据85%累积频率，圈定出74个锂地球化学异常区，其中23个锂地球化学异常达到地球化学省规模，根据锂地球化学异常分布模式为该区寻找锂等稀有金属矿床提供了重要选区. 研究填补了中蒙边界地区锂地球化学分布的空白，为两国边境地区锂等稀有金属矿床对比提供基础数据，为缓解中国锂资源短缺优选了勘查靶区.Abstract: The Sino⁃Mongolia border areas are advantage in ore⁃forming geological conditions and have huge resource potentials, which make them the hotspot for international and domestic geoscience research and exploration. Lithium energy has been recognized as the developing trend of future new energy, and lithium ore has become a hotspot in the investigation and research of strategic mineral resources.With the ever⁃increasing demand for lithium, understanding its concentration and distribution in thepedosphere is essential for alleviating the lithium shortage in China.Based on the 1︰1 million geochemical mapping data of the Sino⁃Mongolia border areas, this paper discusses the geochemical parameters, regional geochemical distribution and influencing factors of lithium in the catchment sediments. The median and average values of lithium in the catchment sediments are 22.50×10-6 and 24.46×10-6, respectively. The Altay tectonic belt and the arc basin system at the Altay southern margin have the highest lithium contents, with the regional concentration coefficients of 1.38 and 1.26, respectively, which are the preponderant regions of lithium enrichment. The regional geochemical distribution of lithium is mainly controlled by the geological background, while the geographical landscape, clay content, and mineral deposit distribution can also restrict the distribution patterns of lithium. Based on the 85% cumulative frequency, 74 lithium geochemical anomalies are delineated, of which 23 lithium geochemical anomalies reach the scale of geochemical province. These anomalies provide the important selection areas for exploring lithium and other rare metal deposits in this area. The paper fills the gap in the lithium geochemical distribution study and provides important data for the comparison of rare metal deposits in the Sino⁃Mongolia border areas, and delineates prospecting targets for alleviating the Li shortage in China.
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Key words:
- Lithium /
- concentration /
- spatial distribution /
- catchment sediments /
- Sino-Mongolia border areas /
- geochemistry
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图 1 中蒙边界地球化学填图采样点位与工区构造单元、地理景观示意图
Fig. 1. Map of the working area showing the sampling sites, tectonic units and geomorphologic landscapes
图 2 中蒙边界地区汇水域沉积物锂直方图
Fig. 2. Lithium histogram of catchment sediments collected from the China⁃Mongolia boundary
图 3 中蒙边界地区不同构造单元内锂含量箱图
1~12构造单元名称同图 1
Fig. 3. Lithium boxplots of catchment sediments collected from different tectonic belts across the China⁃Mongolia boundary
图 4 中蒙边界地区不同地理景观内锂含量箱图
Fig. 4. Lithium boxplots of catchment sediments collected from different geomorphologic landscapes across the China⁃Mongolia boundary
图 5 中蒙边界地区汇水域沉积物锂地球化学图
Fig. 5. Lithium geochemical map of catchment sediments collected from the China⁃Mongolia boundary
图 6 中蒙边界地区地质图（据李俊建等, 2021修改）
Fig. 6. Geological map of the China⁃Mongolia boundary(modified after Li et al., 2021)
图 7 中蒙边界地区汇水域沉积物锂地球化学图叠加岩石锂点位符号图
Fig. 7. Lithium geochemical map of catchment sediments in the China⁃Mongolia boundary, superimposed on the Li scatter data symbol map of rocks
图 8 中蒙边界地区不同构造单元锂区域浓集系数（RCC）对比图
1~12构造单元名称同图 1
Fig. 8. Comparison map of Lithium regional concentration coefficients for the different tectonic belts the across China⁃Mongolia boundary
图 9 同一构造单元内不同地理景观区以及同一地理景观不同构造单元的锂含量变化
a. 阿尔泰南缘弧盆系构造单元，a1. 该单元内山地景观区，a2. 该单元内半荒漠景观区；b. Baruun Urt-Hutag Uul-东乌旗-阿尔山弧盆带构造单元，b1. 该单元内草原景观，b2. 该单元内半干旱草原景观；c. 半荒漠景观区，c1. 该单元内东西准噶尔弧盆系构造单元，c2. 该单元内准噶尔地块构造单元，c3. 该单元内戈壁阿尔泰弧盆系构造单元；d. 草原景观区，d1. 该单元内Ereen Davaa-额尔古纳微陆块构造单元，d2. 该单元内Baruun Urt-Hutag Uul-东乌旗-阿尔山弧盆带构造单元，d3. 该单元内Sulinheer-满都拉-霍林郭勒弧盆系构造单元
Fig. 9. Lithium contents in different geographical landscape in the same tectonic unit and different tectonic unit in the same geographical landscape
图 10 中蒙边界地区汇水域沉积物锂地球化学图（按构造单元中位值剔除衬值后）
Fig. 10. Lithiumgeochemical map of catchment sediments collected from the China⁃Mongolia boundary (after removing the contrast value according to the median value of the tectonic unit)
表 1 中蒙边界地区不同构造单元内汇水域沉积物锂地球化学参数（10-6）
Table 1. Lithium geochemical parameters of catchment sediments collected from different tectonic belts across the China⁃Mongolia boundary(10-6)
统计单元 样品数 最小值 2.5%分位数 25%分位数 平均值 50%分位数 75%分位数 97.5%分位数 最大值 标准差 RCC 全区 10 505 1.03 12.67 18.31 24.46 22.50 28.18 47.73 400.10 10.10 — 1 760 10.53 15.32 24.74 32.14 30.98 37.54 55.95 125.80 11.20 1.38 2 311 11.27 14.08 22.51 32.79 28.27 36.14 67.30 400.10 26.35 1.26 3 1 038 1.03 13.16 17.91 23.03 21.81 25.84 42.80 77.00 7.71 0.97 4 171 4.09 12.95 21.16 25.88 25.08 29.39 46.33 65.67 8.18 1.11 5 614 8.31 11.14 14.74 18.50 17.62 20.98 30.66 49.22 5.16 0.78 6 1 421 7.64 11.15 15.94 20.01 18.56 22.17 39.02 63.78 6.83 0.82 7 892 8.58 14.25 17.94 22.83 20.82 25.41 42.55 67.93 7.75 0.93 8 750 10.23 15.38 21.27 26.76 24.98 29.79 48.48 110.26 9.17 1.11 9 2 979 9.07 13.57 19.50 25.26 23.71 29.00 47.63 158.98 9.22 1.05 10 1 333 8.82 13.79 19.10 24.89 23.37 28.60 45.73 100.58 8.57 1.04 11 66 7.18 9.52 13.76 18.90 17.72 22.15 36.33 51.49 7.78 0.79 12 170 7.48 16.05 20.84 24.09 23.36 26.41 37.47 52.29 5.88 1.04 注：1~12代表不同构造单元，名称同图 1；1.阿尔泰构造带（样品数760件）；2. 阿尔泰南缘弧盆系（样品数311件）；3.东西准噶尔弧盆系（样品数1 038件）；4.准噶尔地块（样品数171件）；5.戈壁阿尔泰弧盆系（样品数614件）；6. 北山-戈壁天山弧盆系（样品数1 421件）；7. 巴音毛道-雅干-Baruun Tsohio构造带（样品数892件）；8. Ereen Davaa-额尔古纳微陆块（样品数750件）；9. Baruun Urt-Hutag Uul-东乌旗-阿尔山弧盆带（样品数2 979件）；10. Sulinheer-满都拉-霍林郭勒弧盆系（样品数1 333件）；11. 塔里木陆块（样品数66件）；12. 华北陆块（样品数170件） 
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表 2 中蒙边界地区不同地理景观内汇水域沉积物锂地球化学参数（10-6）
Table 2. Lithium geochemical parameters of catchment sediments collected from different geomorphologic landscapes across the China⁃Mongolia boundary(10-6)
统计单元 样品数 最小值 25%分位数 平均值 中位值 75%分位数 最大值 标准差 RCC 全区 10 505 1.03 18.31 24.46 22.50 28.18 400.10 10.10 — 山地 760 10.25 24.63 32.89 30.84 37.79 400.10 17.20 1.37 草原 311 9.07 20.38 25.75 24.37 29.43 158.98 8.72 1.08 半干旱草原 1 038 7.48 18.98 24.74 22.70 27.90 100.58 9.36 1.01 半荒漠 171 1.03 16.79 21.59 20.16 24.61 77.00 7.44 0.90
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表 3 大陆地壳和岩石中锂含量（10-6）
Table 3. Lithium concentrations in continental crust and rocks(10-6)
锂含量 参考文献 地壳 大陆地壳 20 Taylor and McLenan(1985) 大陆地壳 13 Taylor and McLenan (1985) 大陆地壳 18 Wedepohl(1995) 大陆地壳 16 Rudnick and Gao(2003) 中国东部大陆地壳 17 Yan and Chi(2005) 岩石 中国酸性岩 19 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国中性岩 13 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国基性岩 11 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国超基性岩 4 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国花岗岩 19 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国流纹岩 15 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国闪长岩 12.6 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国安山岩 14 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国辉长岩 10 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国辉绿岩 11 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国玄武岩 12 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国砂岩 25 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国泥（页）岩 38 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国碳酸盐岩含泥灰岩和泥云岩 10.5 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国石灰岩 9.5 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国白云岩 8 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国硅质岩 11 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国板岩 35 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国千枚岩 33 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国片岩 28 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国片麻岩 14 Yan and Chi(2005) 中国大理岩 8.6 Yan and Chi(2005)
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表 4 Li与Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, MnO, Corg, TC, K2O, CaO, SiO2, Na2O相关性分析
Table 4. Correlation analysis (R) between Li and Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, MnO, Corg, TC, K2O, CaO, SiO2, Na2O
Li Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO MnO Corg TC CaO K2O Na2O SiO2 R 0.282 0.208 0.334 0.244 0.253 0.302 0.149 0.079 -0.205 -0.366
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