Fracture Connectivity Characterization and Its Controlling Factors in Lower Jurassic Tight Sandstone Reservoirs of Eastern Kuqa Foreland Basin
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摘要: 库车前陆盆地东部下侏罗统为裂缝性致密砂岩储层，天然裂缝的分布控制了油气聚集和单井产能.裂缝连通性是影响致密储层孔渗性能、产能以及盖层完整性的关键因素，但是对于裂缝连通性定量表征方法及其影响因素缺少系统研究.以库车前陆盆地东部依奇克里克构造带下侏罗统致密砂岩储层为例，分析了其裂缝发育特征，利用基于裂缝节点类型及比例的方法对裂缝连通性进行定量表征，并利用数值模拟对裂缝连通性影响因素进行分析.研究区发育粒缘缝、粒内缝和穿粒缝3种微观裂缝类型.从西向东，裂缝连通性逐渐变差，与裂缝发育强度具有一致性.裂缝方位分散度、裂缝长度、裂缝密度以及组间夹角是影响裂缝连通性的主要因素.随着裂缝方位分散度、裂缝长度、裂缝密度以及组间夹角的增加，裂缝连通性变好.Abstract: The Lower Jurassic in eastern Kuqa foreland basin is a fractured tight sandstone reservoir. The distribution of natural fractures controls hydrocarbon accumulation and single well productivity. Fracture connectivity is a key factor affecting porosity and permeability performance, productivity of tight reservoirs and cap integrity, but it lacks in systematic research on quantitative characterization methods of fracture connectivity and its influencing factors. Taking the Lower Jurassic tight sandstone reservoirs in eastern Kuqa foreland basin as an example, in this paper it analyzes the fracture development characteristics, quantitatively characterizes the fracture connectivity using a fracture node types and their proportions based method, and analyzes the controlling factors of fracture connectivity using numerical simulation. There are three types of microfractures in the study area: intragranular microfractures, grain-edge microfractures and intergranular microfractures. From west to east, fracture connectivity deteriorates gradually, which is consistent with fracture development intensity. Fracture azimuth dispersion, fracture length, fracture density and angle between fracture sets are the main factors affecting fracture connectivity. With the increase of fracture azimuth dispersion, fracture length, fracture density and angle between fracture sets, fracture connectivity becomes better.
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图 1 库车前陆盆地位置及构造单元划分
据史超群等（2020）修改
Fig. 1. Location and tectonic unit division of Kuqa foreland basin
图 2 库车前陆盆地东部吐格尔明剖面下侏罗统构造裂缝发育特征
Fig. 2. Fracture development characteristics of Lower Jurassic at Tugeerming in eastern Kuqa foreland basin
图 3 依奇克里克构造带下侏罗统岩心裂缝发育特征
a. 近直立层控张性裂缝，YN3井，细砂岩，3 183.23 m；b. 高角度穿层剪切裂缝，YS4井，中砂岩，3 436.30 m；c. 顺层剪切裂缝，YN4井，细砂岩，4 126.13 m；d. 层理缝，YN4井，细砂岩，4 540.77 m.图中红色箭头指示裂缝；蓝色箭头指示擦痕方向
Fig. 3. Fracture development characteristics of Lower Jurassic core in the Yiqikelike structural belt
图 4 依奇克里克构造带下侏罗统裂缝走向玫瑰花图
a. 据露头区实测，吐格尔明剖面，N=756；b. 据成像测井，N=1 245
Fig. 4. Rose diagrams of fracture strikes of Lower Jurassic core in theYiqikelike structural belt
图 5 依奇克里克构造带下侏罗统单井岩心裂缝密度分布
Fig. 5. Fracture density distribution of Lower Jurassic core in theYiqikelike structural belt
图 6 依奇克里克构造带下侏罗统致密砂岩储层微观裂缝类型及发育特征
a. 粒内缝，MN1井，粗砂岩，2 082.50 m；b. 粒缘缝，YS4井，粗砂岩，4 004.45 m；c. 穿粒缝，YN5井，中砂岩，5 010.30 m
Fig. 6. Microfracture types and development characteristics of Lower Jurassic tight sandstone reservoirs in the Yiqikelike structural belt
图 7 裂缝连通性定量表征示意图
据Sanderson and Nixon（2015）修改. a. 裂缝节点类型示意图；b. 不同裂缝发育模式下的3种节点类型比例三角图；c. 裂缝连通性判别图版
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram for quantitative characterization of fracture connectivity
图 8 依奇克里克构造带下侏罗统致密砂岩储层微观裂缝连通性定量表征
a. 拼接的微观裂缝图片，TD1井，泥质细砂岩，2 260.30 m；b. 微观裂缝分布模式；c. 裂缝连通性表征
Fig. 8. Quantitative characterization of microfracture connectivity of Lower Jurassic tight sandstone reservoirs in the Yiqikelike structural belt
图 9 依奇克里克构造带不同地区微观裂缝3种节点所占比例
Fig. 9. The proportions of three kinds of nodes of micro- fractures in different areas of Yiqikelike structural belt
图 10 依奇克里克构造带不同地区微观裂缝连通性定量表征
Fig. 10. Quantitative characterization of microfracture connectivity in different areas of the Yiqikelike structural belt
图 11 裂缝方位分散度对裂缝连通性影响模拟过程示意图
Fig. 11. Schematic diagrams for simulation process of influence of fracture azimuth dispersion on fracture connectivity
图 12 裂缝方位分散度（a）和长度（b）对X型节点比例的影响
Fig. 12. Influence of fracture azimuth dispersion (a) and length (b) on X-node ratio
图 13 裂缝方位分散度（a）和长度（b）对裂缝网络连通性的影响
Fig. 13. Influence of fracture azimuth dispersion (a) and length (b) on fracture network connectivity
图 14 裂缝组间夹角对裂缝连通性影响模拟过程示意图
Fig. 14. Schematic diagrams for simulation process of influence of angle between fracture sets on fracture connectivity
图 15 裂缝组间夹角（a）和长度（b）对X型节点比例的影响
Fig. 15. Influence of angle between fracture sets (a) and fracture length (b) on X-node ratio
图 16 裂缝组间（a）和长度（b）对裂缝网络连通性的影响
Fig. 16. Influence of angle between fracture sets (a) and fracture length (b) on fracture network connectivity
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