Environmental Changes Recorded by Trace Elements in Sediments of Cuopu Lake, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province in Recent 200 Years
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摘要: 青藏高原东缘分布的小型湖泊由于其特殊的地理位置，受人类活动影响较小，其沉积记录对气候环境变化的响应具有区域性意义，特别在恢复短时间尺度气候及区域沉积环境方面有着独特的优势，然而目前鲜有研究涉及.对四川省甘孜州措普湖湖心45 cm的沉积岩心样品进行了微量元素地球化学分析，重建了当地过去近200年中的气候演变过程.结果表明：近200年来，沉积岩心中稀土元素具有基本相同的垂向变化趋势，均在1841—1920年的小冰期时保持低值，在1890年左右受地震间接影响达到最低值，之后随气候回暖而增加；微量元素主成分分析表明大部分微量元素的变化受区域流域侵蚀风化因子控制，能够反映风化作用的强弱；Rb、Ba、Sr等3种元素受湿度因子主控，指示了区域湿润度的变化.结合多种微量元素环境代用指标及沉积物粒度组成的变化特征，可将措普湖在1841—2017年间的气候环境演化过程划分为5个阶段：冷干（1841—1904年）、温湿（1904—1923年）、温干（1923—1944年）、暖湿（1944—1967年）、暖干（1967—2017年）.Abstract: Small lakes distributed in the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau are less affected by human activities due to their special geographical location. Their sedimentary records have regional significance in response to climate and environmental changes, especially in restoring short-time scale climate and regional sedimentary environment. However, there are few studies involved at present. In this paper, trace element geochemical analysis was carried out on the sedimentary core samples of 45 cm in the center of Cuopu Lake in Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, and the local climate evolution process in the past 200 years was reconstructed. The results show that in recent 200 years, rare earth elements have basically the same longitudinal variation trend, and they all keep low values during the little ice age from 1841 to 1920, and reached the lowest value due to the indirect influence of the earthquake around 1890, and then increased with the warming of the climate. According to the principal component analysis of trace elements, the change of most trace elements is controlled by the erosion and weathering factors of the basin, which can reflect the strength of regional weathering; Rb, Ba, Sr are mainly controlled by humidity factor and can be used to restore the change of humidity. Combined with the change characteristics of various trace element environmental substitution indexes and sediment particle size composition, the climate and environment evolution process of Cuopu Lake from 1841 to 2017 is divided into 5 stages: cold-dry (1841—1904), mild-moist (1904—1923), mild-dry (1923—1944), warm-moist (1944—1966) and warm-dry (1967—2017).
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Key words:
- Qinghai-Xizang plateau /
- Cuopu Lake /
- trace element /
- sedimentary environment /
- sedimentology
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图 1 青藏高原湖泊分布(a, 改自Cui and Graf, 2009)和措普湖及采样孔位置(b)
Fig. 1. Distribution of lakes in Qinghai-Xizang plateau (a, modified from Cui and Graf, 2009) and loctaion of Cuopu Lake and the sampling core (b)
图 2 巴塘地区断裂分布
红星表示措普湖位置；①金沙江断裂带；②巴塘断裂；③理塘断裂；据周荣军等（2005）
Fig. 2. Distribution map of faults in Batang area
图 3 1959—2014年巴塘县年均气温降水变化
Fig. 3. Variation of annual average temperature and precipitation in Batang County from 1959 to 2014
图 4 措普湖C2孔沉积物粒度组成
图据Jiang et al.（2020）；灰色部分代表地震频发期
Fig. 4. Grain size composition of C2 core sediments in Cuopu Lake
图 5 措普湖沉积物中稀土元素各参数及部分微量元素含量变化
Fig. 5. Variation of REE, ΣLREE/ΣHREE, δEu, δCe and some trace elements in sediments of Cuopu Lake
图 6 措普湖沉积物稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线
Fig. 6. Chondrite normalized distribution curve of REE in sediments of Cuopu Lake
图 8 措普湖沉积物TOC(a)(Jiang et al., 2020)、∑REE(b)、Rb/Sr(c)、Sr(d)、Sr/Ba(e)以及中值粒径(f)变化剖面(阴影指示较干旱时期，黑线表示气候发生变化)
Fig. 8. The vertical variation profile of TOC (a) (Jiang et al., 2020), ∑REE (b), Rb/Rr (c), Sr (d), Sr/Ba (e), and median particle size (f) from Cuopu Lake C2 core (the shadow indicates the drier period, and the black line indicates climate change)
图 9 措普湖C2孔TOC(Jiang et al., 2020)、Sr浓度及Rb/Sr与巴塘气象站器测数据对比
Fig. 9. Comparison of TOC (Jiang et al., 2020), Sr concentration and Rb/Sr in C2 core of Cuopu Lake with meteorological data from Batang Station
图 10 1840年以来青藏高原东缘不同气候记录对比
温度指标a~d：（a）措普湖C2孔TOC含量（本文）；（b）沙德措沉积物TN含量（Hu et al., 2014）；（c）卧龙地区树轮重建夏季温度（李宗善等，2010）；（d）青海湖沉积物有机质含量（Zhang et al., 2003）.湿度指标e~j：（e）都兰树轮宽度指数（Zhang et al., 2003）；（f）青海湖岩心集成降水序列（徐海等，2015）；（g）措普湖C2孔Sr浓度（本文）；（h）红原地区树轮δ18O（Xu et al., 2012）；（i）泸沽湖沉积物C/N（Sheng et al., 2015）；（j）洱海沉积物平均粒径（陈敬安等，2000）；虚线代表措普湖区域气候变化5个阶段的分界
Fig. 10. Comparison of different climate records of Southeast Qinghai-Xizang plateau since 1840
表 1 措普湖微量元素因子分析结果
Table 1. Factor analysis of trace elements in Cuopu Lake
公因子 变量及公因子负载 方差贡献(%) F1 Ce 0.81，Co 0.90，Cr 0.91，Cs 0.95，Cu 0.92，Dy 0.97，Er 0.96，Eu 0.94，Gd 0.98，Hf 0.77，Ho 0.66，La 0.90，Li 0.83，Lu 0.94，Mo 0.89，Nb 0.86，Ni 0.83，Pr 0.93，Sc 0.86，Sm 0.97，Ta 0.76，Tb 0.98，Th 0.76，Ti 0.93，Tm 0.94，U 0.92，V 0.92，W 0.83，Y 0.96，Yb 0.96，Zr 0.81 67.25 F2 Ba 0.89，Ga 0.88，Sr 0.89，Rb 0.72，Pb 0.54 13.09 
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