Main Controlling Factors of Structure of Baikal Rift: Based on Geodynamic Numerical Simulation
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摘要: 贝加尔裂谷位于西伯利亚克拉通和萨彦‒贝加尔造山带的拼合部位，两侧岩石圈结构及流变性存在明显差异，区域构造演化过程复杂.通过数值模拟方法，正演贝加尔裂谷区岩石圈形变过程，探讨下地壳流变性及先存薄弱缝合带对贝加尔裂谷构造发育的影响.结果显示：裂谷伸展中心两侧岩石圈下地壳流变学性质差异导致应力向造山带一侧传递，裂谷两侧发育不对称的构造样式，其中造山带一侧主要为大区域的铲状断层，而在克拉通一侧主要为小范围的高角度正断层；当岩石圈拼合部位存在先存薄弱缝合带时，会限制应力向造山带一侧传递，导致造山带一侧断裂的发育规模减小，裂谷呈现“窄且深凹陷”的不对称构造特征.Abstract: The Baikal rift is located in the convergent zone of the Siberian craton and Sayan-Baikal belt. There are obvious differences in the lithospheric structure and rheological property between the two sides of the rift, and the regional tectonic evolution is complex. Here it investigate the influence of rheological property of the lower crust and preexisting weak zone on the evolution of the Baikal rift using numerical simulation. The results show that the difference in the rheology of the lower crust on both sides of the rift extension center leads to the propagation of stress to the Sayan-Baikal belt, in which large-scale listric faults mainly develop on the Sayan-Baikal belt side, while small-scale high-angle normal faults mainly develop on the cratonic side. If there is a weak zone in the suture zone of lithosphere, the transfer of stress to the side of the Sayan-Baikal belt is limited, resulting in a reduced scale of faulting on the side of Sayan-Baikal belt, and the development of the asymmetric structure of "narrow and deep depression".
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Key words:
- Baikal Rift /
- rheology of lower crust /
- weak zone /
- structural development /
- numerical modeling /
- structural geology
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图 1 贝加尔裂谷区大地构造背景
数据来源于earth_relief：全球地形起伏数据；80 m.黑色实线表示全球板块边界；红色实线表示主要走滑断裂；黑色箭头表示板块运动方向；带有三角形标志的黑色实线表示俯冲带及俯冲方向；白色方框表示研究区位置
Fig. 1. Tectonic setting of the Baikal rift
图 2 贝加尔裂谷区构造背景图（据Petit et al., 2006修改）
Fig. 2. Regional tectonics of Baikal rift
图 3 贝加尔裂谷区剖面示意图（据Hutchinson et al., 1992）
Fig. 3. Profile of the Baikal Rift
图 4 模型设置
据
Petit et al.，1997 ；Wang et al.，2020 .最上面的浅蓝色层是10 km厚的粘性空气（相当于地壳上表面的自由表面），下面是均匀的岩石圈结构层Fig. 4. Model setups
图 5 均质模型中裂谷15 Ma的应变速率分布
Fig. 5. The strain rate distribution near the rift at 15 Ma in the homogeneous model
图 6 弱造山带下地壳模型中裂谷15 Ma的应变速率分布
Fig. 6. The strain rate distribution near the rift at 15 Ma in the model with a weak lower crust in the orogenic belt
图 7 弱缝合带+弱造山带下地壳模型中裂谷15 Ma的应变速率分布
Fig. 7. The strain rate distribution near the rift at 15 Ma in the model with a weak suture zone and a weak lower crust in the orogenic belt
图 8 贝加尔裂谷岩石圈结构演化示意图
Fig. 8. Diagram showing the evolution of lithospheric structure, and rifting processes in the Baikal Rift
表 1 模型物理参数（Ranalli，1995）
Table 1. Physical parameters used in models (Ranalli, 1995)
分层 密度
（kg/m3）应力指数 活化能
（kJ/mol）活化体积
（m3/mol）内摩擦角 热扩散系数
（m2/s）放射热
($ \mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} $)比热容
（J$ ·\mathrm{k}{\mathrm{g}}^{‒1}·{\mathrm{K}}^{‒1} $）指数因子（MPa‒n$ · $s‒1） 空气（水） 1 1 0 0 / 1×10‒9 0 100 1.0×10‒12 上地壳a
（湿石英）2 700 4 223 3.1×10‒6 15°~2° 1×10‒6 0.7 1 000 3.2×10‒4 克拉通型下地壳a
（湿石英）2 950 4 223 3.1×10‒6 15°~2° 1×10‒6 0.7 1 000 3.2×10‒4 造山带型下地壳a
（湿石英）2 950 4 223 3.1×10‒6 15°~2° 1×10‒6 0.7 1 000 3.2×10‒4 岩石圈地幔b
（干橄榄石）3 300 3.5 540 2.0×10‒5 15°~2° 1×10‒6 0.02×10‒6 1 000 3.5×1022 地幔b
（干橄榄石）3 300 3.5 540 2.0×10‒5 15°~2° 1×10‒6 / 1 000 3.5×1022 薄弱缝合带c
（干橄榄石）2 720 3.5 540 2.0×10‒5 15°~2° 1×10‒6 7.67×10‒7 1 000 3.5×1022 注：所有岩石具有相同的热膨胀系数（$ \mathrm{\alpha }= $3×10‒5 K‒1）和压缩系数（$ \beta $=1×10‒5 MPa‒1）；塑性变形机制中以应变软化来表示软弱断层的形成过程，即当有效应变≥0.5时，内聚强度由15 MPa线性减小至3 MPa；有效内摩擦角由15°减小为2°. 数据来源：a来自Gleason and Tullis, 1995; b来自Karato and Wu, 1993; c来自 Goetze et al., 1978 .
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