Relation between Effective Fractures and In-Situ Stress as well as Its Significance in Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation in Shizigou Structure, Qaidam Basin
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摘要: 柴达木盆地西南部狮子沟构造下干柴沟组上段致密湖相碳酸盐岩中普遍发育构造裂缝，是控制油气高产的关键因素.研究旨在建立该段现今地应力状态及裂缝产状分布规律，这对在致密储层中圈定有效裂缝和考虑压裂缝分布的水平井方向设计具有重要意义.本文以岩心、薄片揭示裂缝特征，从三维地震数据体提取断裂与A、B、C井钻井轨迹的空间关系；选取A、B两口井水平段建立地应力剖面；选取A、C两口井成像测井段统计裂缝产状并进一步以极射赤平投影、玫瑰花图和倾角分布图展现产状规律.3口井水平段走向近平行于北西向走滑正花状断裂系.地应力测井显示下干柴沟组上段测量段为走滑断层地应力状态.未充填的高导缝和充填的高阻缝主体走向均为北东，倾角为高角度至近竖直，其形成受控于早中新世以来的最大水平主应力方向为北东向的走滑断层地应力状态.未充填裂缝或发生溶蚀的充填裂缝可作为油气储集空间和运移通道.北东走向未充填的竖直裂缝为最优的有效裂缝.靠近北西向主断裂的北东向水平井将钻遇更多天然裂缝，压裂形成北东向延伸的竖直有效裂缝.在北西向水平井产量不佳情况下，靠近断裂的北东向水平井设计值得考虑.Abstract: In the SW Qaidam Basin, fractures are widely developed in tight lacustrine carbonate rocks of the Upper Xiagnchaigou Formation in the Shizigou structure, which is the key factor controlling the high production of hydrocarbon. The purpose of this study is to establish the present-day in-situ stress state and distribution patterns of fracture attitudes, which is significant to determine effective fractures and to design horizontal well orientations considering hydraulic fracture distribution. In this study, fracture characteristics were revealed in cores and thin sections. The spatial relation between deep faults and trajectories of Well A, Well B and Well C was extracted from 3D seismic data. We selected horizontal intervals of Well A and Well B to construct in-situ stress profiles and image log intervals of Well A and Well C to count fracture attitudes which were further shown by stereonets, rose diagrams and fracture dip histograms. Horizontal intervals of three selected wells are nearly parallel to the NW-trending faults belonging to the strike-slip positive flower structure. Geostress logging shows that the measuring intervals in the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation are under the strike-slip faulting stress state. Most unfilled conductive fractures and filled resistive fractures have NE strikes and high to near-vertical dips, and they were dominated by the strike-slip faulting stress state whose maximum horizontal principal stress is in the NE direction since the Early Miocene. Unfilled fractures and dissolved fractures which were previously filled can act as hydrocarbon reservoirs and migration pathways. NE-trending unfilled fractures with vertical dips are the most effective fractures. If NE-trending horizontal wells are drilled near NW-trending main faults, more natural fractures will be met, and NE-trending hydraulic fractures with vertical dips are effective. The design of NE-trending horizontal wells is worth considering due to the poor production of NW-trending horizontal wells.
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Key words:
- fractured reservoir /
- image log /
- in-situ stress state /
- horizontal well /
- Qaidam Basin /
- geomechanics
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图 1 (a) 柴达木盆地及周缘造山带构造纲要图；(b) 柴达木盆地西南部构造纲要图
1.全新统；2.更新统；3.中新统‒上新统；4.渐新统；5.始新统；6.白垩系；7.走滑断裂；8.逆冲断裂；9.深部断裂；10.不整合；11.背斜；12.地层界线；13.地震剖面位置；14.尕斯库勒湖；15.河流；16.周缘造山带
Fig. 1. (a) Structure outline map of Qaidam Basin and its surrounding orogenic belt; (b) structure outline map of SW Qaidam Basin
图 2 柴达木盆地西南部狮子沟地区新生代综合柱状图
下干柴沟组上段（E$ {}_{3}^{2} $xg）主要沉积泥质砂岩、泥岩、泥灰岩，夹膏岩、盐岩层，是优质烃源岩、储层和盖层发育层段
Fig. 2. Synthesis histogram and petroleum system of the Shizigou structure in Cenozoic SW Qaidam Basin
图 3 狮子沟构造下干柴沟组上段(E$ {}_{3}^{2} $xg)裂缝储层围岩孔隙度‒渗透率关系
Fig. 3. Relationship between porosity and permeability of host rocks in the fractured reservoir in the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation (E$ {}_{3}^{2} $xg) in the Shizigou Oilfield
图 4 狮子沟构造主断裂特征及其与选取井段的空间关系
a.狮子沟构造地震剖面图揭示断裂系统分为盐上逆冲断裂和盐下走滑正花状断裂系，剖面具体位置见图 1b；b.三维空间中狮子沟盐上和盐下断裂系统与A、B、C三口井间的关系，三维地震范围见图 1b，深度范围为0~7.5 km；c.下干柴沟组上段中沿K18层显示的构造纲要图，A、B、C三口井测量段投影以及井口坐标标注于图中，具体范围见图 1b
Fig. 4. Characteristics of main faults in the Shizigou structure and faults' relation with selected wells
图 5 岩心和薄片中显示的下干柴沟组上段裂缝特征
a.岩心中近竖直未充填缝表面显示油迹；b.岩心中近水平地层发育完全充填的近竖直裂缝；c.岩心中倾斜地层中发育完全充填的近竖直裂缝；d.岩心中，沿高角度充填缝发育溶蚀孔洞；e.荧光薄片中显示裂缝内含油；f.在单偏光镜下，铸体薄片显示裂缝分为两期，第二期未充填裂缝切过第一期完全被硬石膏充填的裂缝；g.在正交偏光镜下，裂缝中充填定向生长的硬石膏
Fig. 5. Characteristics of fractures in the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation shown in cores and thin sections
图 6 在A井水平段成像测井中显示的下干柴沟组上段裂缝产状和地层产状
a.未充填的高导缝产状（133°∠82°，98°∠87°）和同段地层产状（17°∠26°）；b.充填的高阻缝产状（144°∠84°）和同段地层产状（291°∠10°）
Fig. 6. Attitudes of fractures and strata in the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation shown in log images of horizontal intervals of Well A
图 7 A井成像测井和产状综合图
a. A井水平段成像测井综合图; b. 地层产状极射赤平投影图; c. 地层倾向玫瑰花图; d. 地层倾角-频数关系图; e. 高导缝极射赤平投影图; f. 高导缝走向玫瑰花图; g. 高导缝倾角-频数关系图; h. 高阻缝极射赤平投影图; i. 高阻缝走向玫瑰花图; j. 高阻缝倾角-频数关系图
Fig. 7. Integrated diagrams of log images and attitudes of WellA
图 9 A井（a）和B井（b）水平井段地应力特征
两口井测量段均显示最大水平主应力最大，垂向主应力次之，最小水平主应力最小. 两口井测量段处于走滑断层地应力状态
Fig. 9. Geostress characteristics of horizontal intervals in Well A (a) and Well B (b)
图 10 (a) 北东向水平主应力最大的走滑断层地应力状态下, 任意裂缝面在球状空间中的表达；(b)投影平面中张剪裂缝区与压剪裂缝区的分布（θ为岩石的剪破裂角）
Fig. 10. (a) Under the strike-slip faulting stress state with the NE trending maximum principal stress, any fracture can be expressed in Spherical space; (b) distribution of extension-shear fracture zones and compression-shear fracture zones in a projection plane (θ representing the rupture angle of rocks)
图 11 狮子沟油田下干柴沟组上段两种水平井钻井方向
当水平井方向为北东向时，走滑断层地应力状态下的天然张裂缝和压裂缝与北东向井轨迹平行；当水平井方向为北西向时，走滑断层应力状态下的北东向近竖直天然裂缝与北东向近水平主压裂缝垂直
Fig. 11. Two drilling directions of horizontal wells in the E$ {}_{3}^{2} $xg strata of the Shizigou Oilfield
表 1 A、B两口井地应力测量范围及参数
Table 1. Measuring range and parameters of geostress in Well A and Well B
井号 测量深度
(m)垂向深度
(m)最大水平主应力范围
(MPa)最小水平主应力范围
(MPa)垂向主应力范围
(MPa)地应力状态 A 3 900~4 717 3 870~3 934 101~122 84~95 96~99 SF B 4 196~5 225 4 122~4 319 115~125 86~102 104~107 SF 
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