Diverse Fluids in Dolomitization and Petrogenesis of the Dengying Formation Dolomite in the Sichuan Basin, SW China
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摘要: 灯影组白云岩是四川盆地超深层油气勘探的重点领域，但目前人们对该套白云岩成因争议仍较大，且缺乏系统研究.通过对四川盆地灯影组白云岩C-O-Sr同位素和稀土元素数据的系统分析来研究白云石化流体的化学性质和成因，进而约束白云岩的差异性成因机制.研究表明：（1）灯影组白云岩碳同位素值较均一，δ13C值基本分布在0‰~+5.0‰之间，而氧同位素值变化较大.近地表环境基质白云岩和早期白云石胶结物δ18O均大于-8.0‰，埋藏环境白云石胶结物δ18O均小于-8.0‰，而热液白云石化胶结物δ18O均小于-10.0‰.（2）基质白云岩和早期白云石胶结物具有与同期海水相似的87Sr/86Sr值（0.708~0.709），指示其继承于海水流体；而埋藏环境白云石胶结物87Sr/86Sr比值明显大于同期海水，指示其为地层流体和深部热液流体来源.（3）灯影组白云岩稀土元素均亏损轻稀土元素、富集重稀土元素.基质白云岩和早期白云石胶结物可见Ce负异常、未见Eu明显异常，说明白云石化流体来源于海水；埋藏环境白云石胶结物可见明显Eu正异常.不同沉积环境下白云石化流体化学性质和来源的不同，是四川盆地灯影组白云岩成因的控制因素.近地表环境下海水来源的白云石化流体，主要受新元古代震旦系灯影组“文石‒白云石海”环境下高频海平面波动的控制；而在埋藏环境中地层流体和深部热液来源的白云石化流体，则主要受后期构造作用控制.本研究可为认识白云岩成因、晚埃迪卡拉系海水化学条件及超深层油气勘探开发提供了有益参考.Abstract: The dolomite in the Sinian Dengying Formation is a new and significant field for ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in the Sichuan basin. However, the forming model remains controversial without systematic research. In this study, detailed C-O-Sr and the rare earth element (REE) analyses were carried out on the Dengying Formation dolomites to investigate the geochemical characteristics and the source of dolomitization fluids, and further to constrain the differences of their origins. (1) The carbon isotopic values of the dolomites in the Dengying Formation are relatively homogeneous (0‰ to +5.0‰), while their oxygen isotopic values range widely. The dolomitic matrix and early dolomite cement in the near-surface realm show higher δ18O values than -8.0‰, δ18O values of the dolomite cement in the burial condition are more negative than -8.0‰, and those of the hydrothermal dolomite are more negative than -10.0‰. (2) The strontium isotopic ratios of the dolomitic matrix and early dolomite cement vary in a narrow range of 0.708-0.709, which is close to the Ediacaran marine carbonate, indicating the source of seawater. While those of dolomite cement in burial realm are more positive than the coeval seawater, indicating the source of formation fluids. (3) The dolomites in the Dengying Formation show depletion of light rare earth elements (LREEs) and enrichment of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The matrix and early dolomite cement have negative Ce anomalies with the absence of Eu anomalies, indicating a marine source. The dolomitic cements in the burial condition have negative Ce anomalies and significant positive Eu anomalies. The geochemical features and the origin of dolomitization fluids in different sedimentary environments are the essential factors controlling the formation of the Dengying Formation dolomite in the Sichuan basin. Dolomitization fluid in the near-surface environment is mainly derived from seawater, which is controlled by high-frequency sea-level fluctuations in an 'aragonite-dolomite sea' environment during the Sinian. By contrast, dolomitization fluids in burial environments are formation fluids and mantle-sourced hydrothermal fluid, which are mainly controlled by tectonic events. This research could facilitate further studies on the dolomite origin, the geochemical conditions of the terminal Neoproterozoic Ediacaran seawater, and the exploration and development of the ultra-deep oil and gas.
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图 1 四川盆地灯影组岩相古地理格局
据赵文智等（2017）修改
Fig. 1. Lithofacies and paleogeographic map of the Dengying Formation in Sichuan basin
图 2 四川盆地灯影组地层年龄格架
据Condon et al.（2005）、Jiang et al.（2007）、郝毅等（2017）修改
Fig. 2. Generalized stratigraphic column of the Dengying Formation in Sichuan basin
图 3 四川盆地灯影组白云石共生次序
据Peng et al.（2018）、Hu et al.（2020）修改
Fig. 3. Dolomite paragenetic sequence of the Dengying Formation in Sichuan basin
图 4 四川盆地灯影组白云岩碳氧同位素交会图
图中数据引自王国芝等（2014）、冯明友等（2016）、蒋裕强等（2016）、邬铁等（2016）、Peng et al.（2018）、金民东等（2019）、Wang et al.（2020）、Zhou et al.（2020）；前寒武海水数据来源于Fairchild and Spiro（1987）
Fig. 4. δ13C versus δ18O plots of the Dengying Formation dolomite in Sichuan basin
图 5 四川盆地灯影组白云岩锶同位素值分布
数据引自宋光永等（2009）、张杰等（2014）、Wang et al.（2020）
Fig. 5. Diagram showing 87Sr/86Sr for the Dengying Formation dolomite in Sichuan basin
图 6 四川盆地灯影组白云岩PAAS标准化稀土元素
REE标准化值引自Taylor and McLennan（1985）. 图中数据引自邬铁等（2016）、Peng et al.（2018）、Wang et al.（2020）、Zhou et al.（2020）. 现代海水数据引自Alibo and Nozaki（1999）；中大西洋洋中脊热液流体数据引自Douville et al.（2002）
Fig. 6. PASS-normalized REE patterns of the Dengying Formation dolomite in Sichuan basin
图 7 四川盆地灯影组白云岩差异性成因模式
据Ding et al.（2019）、Ning et al.（2020）、Zhou et al.（2020）、Zhang et al.（2018）修改
Fig. 7. Forming models of the Dengying Formation dolomite in Sichuan basin
表 1 四川盆地灯影组白云岩差异性岩性及成因机理
Table 1. Summary of the lithologies and genesis mechanisms of the Dengying Formation in Sichuan basin
成岩阶段 岩性划分 岩性 成岩流体 沉积环境 白云石化机理 白云岩成因 准同生 基质白云岩 泥晶白云石 海水 近地表
环境毛细管浓缩白云石化渗透回流白云石化微
生物白云石化近地表白
云石化粉‒细晶白云石 藻泥晶白云石 近地表环境白
云石胶结物叶片状白云石胶结物 负延性束状白云石胶结物 正延性束状白云石胶结物 孔隙海水 - 原生沉淀 正延性放射状
白云石胶结物浅埋藏 埋藏环境胶结物 细晶白云石胶结物 地层流体 埋藏
环境埋藏白云石化 构造作用 中‒深
埋藏中‒粗晶白云石胶结物 马鞍状白云石胶结物 深部热液
（岩浆）热液白云石化 
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